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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Periodized training
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o The deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity training loads that are followed by a lower training load, known as the rest or taper stage
o The goal is to condition athletes so that their performance peaks at a specific date or in a particular time frame (usually before major competitions or championships) o The scientific and artistic challenge is to overload and taper athletes, slowly increasing the training load so that optimal adaptations accrue and negative side effects, such as injury and staleness, do not |
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Overtraining
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o A short cycle of training (lasting a few days to a few weeks) during which athletes expose themselves to excessive training loads that are near or at maximal capacity
o A normal part of the physical training process, but is far from perfect and highly individualistic |
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Staleness
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o A physiological state of overtraining which manifests as deteriorated athletic readiness
o The end result of overtraining when the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regiments and can no longer achieve previous performance results o Significant reduction in performance over an extended period of time that occurs during or following a period of overtraining and fails to improve in response to short-term reductions in training o Principal behavioral sign is impaired performance, whereas the principal psychological symptoms are mood disturbance and increases in perceptual effort during exercise 80% of stale athletes are clinically depressed |
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Burnout
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o Exhaustive psychophysiological response exhibited as a result of frequent. sometimes extreme, and generally ineffective efforts to meet excessive training and competitive demands
• Viewed as a response to chronic stress |
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Symptoms of burnout
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o Athlete will appear physically and mentally exhausted
o Depersonalization o Low personal accomplishment feelings o Low self esteem o Feel like failure o Show signs of depression o Eventually withdraw from sport No longer enjoyable |
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Research models of burnout
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Sylva's Model (Negative training stress response model)
Cognitive Affective Stress Model Investment or Entrapment Model Empowerment Model |
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Sylva's Model / Negative Training Stress Response Model of Burnout
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Negative training stress response model
If a positive adaptation to training stress takes place, • then the athlete will respond with a training gain If a negative adaptation to training stress takes place • Athlete will experience a lag in training, which will be interpreted as staleness Once staleness + burnout • Leads to training stress syndrome • If not resolved, athlete will drop out of sport |
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Cognitive affective stress model of burnout
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4 stages
• Situational demands o Athlete is confronted with objective demands that are beyond the athlete’s ability to address 5 hours of practice + excessive pressure = no reward • Cognitive appraisal o Appraisal is made of objective demands • Physiological response o Perceived threat results in physiological responses that may be manifested in the form of anxiety, tension, depression, insomnia, fatigue, increased susceptibility to illness • Behavioral response o Athlete responds with some kind of coping behavior, or not Or not = decreased performance level • Interpersonal difficulties |
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Investment or Entrapment Model
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Conceptualized as being a function of 5 determinants
• Rewards • Costs • Satisfaction • Investments • Alternatives Feel that commitment to sport is based on entrapment • Commitment to them • Obligation • Not a matter of personal enjoyment • Only a matter of time before burnout occurs |
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Empowerment Model
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Burnout occurs under any of two conditions
• Sport experienced is so constraining that the athlete is unable to develop a desirable alternative identity o Likely athlete will withdraw from sport • Social organization of the sport feels so structured that the athlete starts to feel that they have no control over their life o Likely athlete will withdraw from sport |
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Factors leading to burnout
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o Physical concerns
Overtraining Chronic fatigue Losing all the time Ineffective time management Athlete who isn’t spending enough time with other people • Constantly in practice or having to do something related to sport Non-supportive coaching staff o Psychological concerns Inappropriate expectations of athlete Athlete feels untalented to compete • Loss of confidence Lack of enjoyment Decreased levels of concentration • Worried about other things Feeling bored Chronic stress |
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How to measure burnout
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o Massloch Burnout Inventory (MBI) check spelling
3 components of burnout • Emotional exhaustion and overextension • Depersonalization o Unfeeling and impersonal response to other people o Feel like they’re just going through the motions o Detached from other people • Low sense of personal achievement |
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How to help burnout
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o Look for symptoms and signs
o Keep athlete self aware so they can be monitored o Take some time away from sport o If athlete is thinking of withdrawing from sport completely, might prescribe complete rest and relaxation To help athlete get back in control o Goal setting Short term for practice and competition o Identify open lines of communication between everyone o Allocate time between competitive sport and other nonrelated activities o Help them learn to use healthy stress management skills Encourage positive self talk Teach them to maintain a positive outlook by focusing on what they’re able to control Do not obsess on being critical Physical health maintenance |