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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
aggregate data
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data based on larger group from smaller
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alternative forms method
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measuring the same variable different ways with two equal forms
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analysis of variance
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comparing variance in the dependant variable in the three or more groups to the dependant variable
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antecedent variable
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independent variable that logically come before another independent variable
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association
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a change in one variable happens with the change in another variable
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authority
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accepted as fact based on the position of who tells you
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bar chart
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frequency distribution at the nominal and ordinal level
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benchmarks of acceptable risk
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accepted levels of risk for determining probability
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beta weight
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slope of a regression line after standardization
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bivariate analysis
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analysis of two variable simultaneously to determine if there is a relationship
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Boolean Connectors
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internet searches using and or not
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call numbers
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library numbers
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case study
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examining in detail on only one occasion
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causal chain
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variables linked together that explain a dependent variable
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causal hypothesis
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independent variable always changes another variable
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causation
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change in dependent variable caused by the independent variable.
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census
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gather data from every member of a population
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census data
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information collect by govt about entire population
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chi square
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cross tabulation data to determine significance
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classic experimental design
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random subjects with control group and experimental group
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cleaning data
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checking and correcting data
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closed ended question
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limited answers that they must choose from
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cluster sampling
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clumping population based on a criteria
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codebook
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equates answers to values for calculation
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coefficient of determination
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r2 variation of dependent variable explained by independent variable.
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coefficient of multiple determination
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r2 variation of dependent variable explained by all the independent variables in multivariate analysis.
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collapse a variable
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combine variables
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comparative value statement
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compare relative values of variables
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comparison group
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not randomly assigned control group
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compound hypothesis
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hypothesis with two or more variables
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concept
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organized characteristics of objects, phenomena and ideas
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conceptualization
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defining concepts so meaning are concise
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concurrent validity
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validity is demonstrated by measuring the predictor and criterion at the same time
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condensed table
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multivariate table with only one dependent variable being shown
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confidentiality
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information provided by subject will not be revealed
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confounding factors
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independent variables may affect dependent variables
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consistency bias
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people answering question answer questions in a way to sound logical and consistent
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construct validity
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extent in which a measure entirely covers a concept
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content analysis
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collect and analyze written and electronic media
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content validity
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measure covers the full meaning of a concept
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contingency questions
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filter question
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control group
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identical to experimental group but are not exposed to the experiment
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control variable
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constant variable used to determine relationship between two other variables
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convenience sampling
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haphazard samples
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criterion-related validity
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extent a measure is related to something it should be related to
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cross tabulation
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one variable is classified in terms of another
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cumulative percentage
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additive percentage of cases
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data archives
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collected data from previous research
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data file
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computer file that stores data
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data matrix
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template used to organized data
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debriefing
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explaining experiment to subjects after the experiment
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deductive reasoning
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generalizations are used to make specific statements
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dependent variable
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changes in a variable is effected by an independent variable.
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description
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information about a single variable or a single case
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descriptive question
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a question asking about reality rather than seeking an answer.
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descriptive statistics
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summary of values of a single variable measuring central tendency.
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deviation score
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difference between the value of a variable and the mean of the distribution, added together always equals zero.
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dichotomous variable
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variable with only two values.
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direction of a relationship
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how two variables are associated (positive or negative)
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directional hypothesis
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hypothesis that states how two variables are related.
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disproportionate stratified sample
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sample elements are disproportionately represent when compared to the population.
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ecological fallacy
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stereotypes used to make decision about individuals
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elaboration
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examining effects of control variables on the relationship of two variables.
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element
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something that a researcher collects information on.
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empirical political analysis
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a method of testing one ideas about politics by collecting/analyzing data.
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empirical question
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a question that can be answered by gathering information and analyzing that data.
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error component
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Unexplained variation of the dependent variable in a regression equation
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evaluative statement
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statement made based on personal experiences.
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event statistic
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data used to collectivities such as countries or cities.
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expected frequency
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expected frequency if variables are unrelated.
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experimental group
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group in an experiment exposed to the experiment
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experimental mortality
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loss of members for control and experiment groups over the length of the study.
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explanation
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explanatory question
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A question about why something exists or the cause of some behavior
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extensive approach
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getting a small amount of information from a large sample
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external validity
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results of an experiment can be generalized to other groups of situations
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F-Test
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statistical significance among the means from three or more analysis groups.
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face validity
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makes sense based on common definition
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factorial design
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design in which more than one independant variable is employed
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faith
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knowledge not based on proof
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field experiment
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real world setting
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filter question
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screening question
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frequency distribution
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value present in numbers and percentages
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frequency polygon
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line graph with interval/ratio on X axis and frequency/proportion on Y axis
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gamma
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a statistic that indicates the strength and relationship of two variables
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histogram
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bar chart where width measures interval and all bars touch which measures duration.
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history
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life events that effect the way people may answer a question.
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hypothesis
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statement of relationship that can be tested
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hypothetical-deductive system
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observation results in generalizations about the world
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independent variable
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the variable that is not effected by the dependent variable.
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index
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how you measure indicators to determine a concept
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indicator
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observable evidence
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inductive reasoning
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specific observation used to make a generalization
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informed consent
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telling the subject what you are going to do an them agreeing freely
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institutional review board
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reviews research to protect humans
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instrumentation
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developing measurement devices
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intensive approach
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lots of quests to a small group
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interactive effect
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effect of two or more variables on one dependent variable
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intercoder reliability
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reliability between codebooks
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internal validity
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how much changes in the indep variable changes the dependent variable.
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interquartile range
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range of value represented by middle 50%
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intersubjective agreement
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level of agreement between two people on how and event should be described
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interval level of measurement
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scale of measurement that not only rank orders but also shows equal interval between values
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intervening variable
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control variable placed between the independent and dependent variable.
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investment
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believing something because of personal stake in it being true.
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judgmental data
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measures that are based on the opinions of experts in categorizing units of analysis
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judgmental sample
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selected sample units believed to be representative of a population
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keywords and phrases
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lambda
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Stat that measures strength of association at the nominal level
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latent content
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deeper meaning of media messages grouped by content analysis
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levels of measurement
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amount of information and levels of precision
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liner regression analysis
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best fit line between multiple variables
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logic
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knowledge through mental thought
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macro level of analysis
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analysis of units for things that can be described geographically
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main effect
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direct effect of independent variable on dependent variables
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manifest content
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easily understood content of media messages
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marginals
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totals of columns and rows
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maturation
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change in subject to time
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mean
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a measure of the central tendency for variables
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measurement
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numbers are assigned units of analysis to determine worth
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measurement error
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difference be a concept and its operational definition
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measure of association
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strength and relationship between a variable
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measures of central tendency
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the most frequent value
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measure of dispersion
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distance from the central tendency
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median
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middle point of a distribution
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median group
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group that contains the median
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micro level of analysis
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focus on people vs countries
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modal category
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variable that contains the greatest number of cases
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mode
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the most frequently occurring variable
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multigroup design
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an experimental group is added for each independent variable above two.
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multigroup time series design
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design with multiple pre and post tests
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multiple correlation coefficient
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a measure of association between a dependent variable and tow or more independent variables
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multiple linear regression
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measuring the relationship between a dependent variable and two independent variables while holding one independent variable constant
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multistage cluster sampling
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groups are sampled in the early stages and individuals in the late stages.
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multivariate analysis
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looking at the relationships of two or more variables
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multivariate percentage table
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percentage table showing relationship between three of more variables
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natural experiment
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experiment where experiment and control group occur naturally in nature and are not chosen by the researcher.
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necessity
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changes in an independent variable are necessary to change the dependent variable
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negative relationship
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relationship is opposite
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nesting
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grouping multivariate analysis
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nominal definition
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definition using words assigned by the researcher
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nominal level of measurement
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analysis without ranking
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nonprobability sample
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nonrandom measurement error
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normal curve
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frequency curve with a bell shape
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normative question
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value laden question for evaluation
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null hypothesis
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no relationship between variables
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observed frequencies
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number of cases found in each cell of cross tabulation
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one-tailed test
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testing the directional hypothesis by comparing two means
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open ended question
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questions that allow people to write their own answers.
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operationalization
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defining concepts that allow them to be measured
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ordinal level of measurement
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classifies units of analysis into categories that have hierarchal order difference between the categories is unknown
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outlier
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plotted value outside the trend
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P-Sample
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the sample of persons analyzed in a study using the Q-technique
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parameter
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the boundaries of an analysis
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partial regression coefficient
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how much change in the dependent variable if you only change one independent variable and all the other independent variables remain constant
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percentage table
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display proportion as opposed to raw numbers
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percentile
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plagiarism
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population
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total set of units for analysis
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population element
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single member of a population
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positive relationship
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relationship between variable moving in the same direction
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posttest
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measurement of the dependent variable after being exposed to the independent variable
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prediction
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predictive validity
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prescriptive value statement
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a value statement characterized by words like should and ought
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pretest
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pretesting
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probability sample
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program evaluation
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proportionate reduction of error
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predicts relationship strength between two variables
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proportionate stratified sampling
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sample populations are selected based on known population elements
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Q-sample
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deliberate sample of statements taken from a group of communications
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Q-sort
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viewpoints selected from strong agreement to strong disagreement
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Q-technique
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data collection of human subjectivity
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qualitative research methods
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used to describe a situation in a natural surrounding
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quasi-experiment
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a sort experiment
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quota sampling
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sampling based on percentage appearing in nature
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random assignment
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random digit dialing
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random measurement error
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random error that can be expected in an experiment
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range
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difference between high and low variable
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ratio level of measurement
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has true zero point as well as all the lower levels of measurement
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recode a variable
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combining variables to simplify
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recording units
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reducing effect
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reducing the strength of the first two variables when a third one is added.
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refining effect
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the original relationship survives only when the third variable is controlled
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regression coefficient
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the slope of a regression line represented as b.
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regression line
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line that best fits a scatter plot
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reliability
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consistency of measurement
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replication
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third variable added does not change the first two.
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research design
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plan to show how hypothesis will be answered
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residual
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response set bias
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revealing effect
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reversal effect
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third variable changes the first two to opposites
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saliency bias
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early question shapes future response
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sample
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sample element
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sampling error
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sampling frame
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sampling interval
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sampling ratio
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scale
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scatter plot
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used to graphically show the relationship between dependent (Y axis) and independent X-axis) variables
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science
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secondary analysis
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self-administered questionnaires
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simple post design
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simple random sample
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slope
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shows change in indep and dependant variables
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snowball sampling
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small group recommends people with similar interests for sampling
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Solomon four group design
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adds two groups the classic experiment to limit bias from the pretest
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split-halves method
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splitting a group giving them the same test an comparing the results
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SPSS
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Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
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spurious relationship
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a relationship that appears casual but is the result of a third variable
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standard deviation
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measure distance from the mean
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standard error
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show sampling error
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standard error estimate
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square root of the average squared error
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standard score
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scores converted to standard deviation units
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statistic
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estimate of population parameter
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statistical significance
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likelihood that a relationship found exists in the general population
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stratified sampling
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strength of relationship
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how much constantly variables move together
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syntality variables
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Variables that describe the qualities of a region or group as a whole, such as American Cities that have city manager forms of government
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systematic sampling
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Sampling by selecting for inclusion every nth element on a list
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t-test
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A statistical procedure to determine the level of statistical significance between means from two analysis groups
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tautology
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a statement that is true by definition and cannot be confirmed or falsified
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temporal order
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Used to infer causality
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test-retest method
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double test at two different points in time to measure validity
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theoretical population
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the population about which the researcher want to develop generalizations
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theories of the middle range
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theories offering reasonable accurate explanations of a limited number of social behaviors
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theory
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something used to explain an occurrence
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time series graph
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two-tailed tests
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testing the null hypothesis by comparing the two means
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Type I error
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False positive
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unit of analysis
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false negative
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univariate statistics
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stats that describe a single variable for the purpose of description
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unobtrusive measures
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Measurement that does not involve direct interaction
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validity
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measure reflect concept to be measured
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variable
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unit of analysis that takes on more than one variable
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variable name
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variance
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measure of dispersion
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writing handbook
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Y-intercept
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where line crosses y axis
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z-score
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A standard score that indicates the number of standard deviation units that a score differs from the mean.
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