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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Statistics |
The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. |
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Variable |
A characteristic of attribute that can assume different values. |
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Data |
There values that the variables can assume. |
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Random values |
Variables whose values are determined by chance. |
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Data set |
A collection of data values. |
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Data value/ datum |
Each value that forms a data set. |
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Population |
Consists of all subjects that are being studied. |
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Census |
When data is collected from every subject in the population. |
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Sample |
A group of subjects selected from a population. |
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Descriptive statistics |
Consists of collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. |
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Inferential statistics |
Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. |
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Probability |
The chance of an event occurring. |
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Hypothesis testing |
A decision-making process for evaluating claims about population, based on information obtained. from samples. |
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Qualitative variables |
Are variables that have distinct categories according to some characteristic or attribute. |
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Quantitative variables |
Are variables that can be counted or measured. |
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Discrete variables |
Can be assigned values that are countable. |
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Continuous variables |
Can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals. |
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Boundary |
A class in which a data value would be placed before the data value was rounded. |
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Measurement scales |
How variables are categorized, counted, or measured. |
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Nominal level of measurement |
Classifies days into mutually exclusive categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on data. |
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Ordinal level of measurement |
Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist. |
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Interval level of measurement |
Ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero. |
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Ratio level of measurement |
Just like interval measurement, except there is a true zero. Also true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population. |
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Random sample |
A sample in which all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected. |
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Systematic sample |
A sample obtained by selecting every kth member of the population where k is a counting number. |
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Stratified sample |
A sample obtained by dividing the population into subgroups or strata according to some characteristic relevant to the study. Then subjects are selected at random from subgroup. |
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Cluster sample |
Is obtained by dividing the population into sections or clusters and then selecting one or more clusters at random and using all members in the cluster as the members of the sample. |
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Sampling error |
The difference between the results obtained from a sample and the results obtained from the population from which the sample was selected. |
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Nonsampling error |
When data are obtained erroneously or the sample is biased, i.e. nonrepresentative. |