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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
which ig is expressed first |
IgM
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which region of antibodies is different?
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constant
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these are also called immune receptors
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b cell antigen receptors
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incomplete antigens that can become good/whole if they attach to a carrier protein
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haptens
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these antigens dissolve body fluids
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soluble
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venom, plant extract, food molecules are examples of which kind of antigen
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soluble
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cell parts like pili, flagella, pollen spores are examples of which type of antigen
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particulate
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bacterial cells, protozoans, worms, transplant cells and cancer cells are examples of which type of antigen
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whole intact
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the part of antigens recognized by immune system
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epitope
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these types of tcells regulate immune reactions, active macrophages, improve opsonization
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helper t cells
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this ig helps control worms
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IgE
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this ig crosses the placenta, found in mucus, milk, sweat, saliva
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IgA
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this ig is the most predominant in numbers
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IgG
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this ig protects newborns from GI infections
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IgA
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this ig is the secretory antibody
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IgA
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dimer ig
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IgA
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pentamer ig
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IgM
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monomer *hint: 3
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IgD, IgG, IgE
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this ig is expressed first
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IgM
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switching from making IgM to another ig that keeps same variable site so entire body is covered
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class switching
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immunological memory
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primary response sends attack, develops t and b cells; secondary response remembers the pathogen from before and attacks tremendously
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MCHII presents to
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t4 lymphocytes (CD4)
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MCHI presents to
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t8 lymphocytes (CD8)
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MCHII is found only on
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macrophages, dendritic cells and b cells (apc's)
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antigen presentation steps
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apc loads epitope on MHCII presents to CD4, interleukins from Thelper sent to APC; divides into antibody-making plasma cells and memory cells
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antibodies cover the
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viral particle and neutralize it so it can't enter host cell; opsonize by adding atbys to it; easier for macro to engulf and activate complement system
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APC
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dendritic, macro, b cells
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where do apcs hang out
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in extracellular tissue
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apcs must wait for this before mounting immune response (their 'permission')
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interleukins
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deletion of self-receptor lymphocytes so we won't attack them with antibodies is called
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clonal deletion
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antibodies that we made
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active immunity
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we received these antibodies
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passive immunity
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this immunity comes from daily life infection
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natural active
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this immunity comes from vaccination
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atificial active
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this immunity comes from mother to fetus and via breastmilk
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natural passive
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this immunity comes from administration to prevent/treat infection (like cancer pts receiving antibodies via injection)
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artificial passive
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one way antibodies function (n)
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neutralize toxins by binding to them
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one way antibodies function (o)
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opsonization, aiding in phagocytosis (ketchup on fries)
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one way antibodies function (a)
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activate complement
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one way antibodies function (ag)
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agglutination, clumping antigens together
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this immunity involves production of Cytotoxic t cells, activated macrophages, cytokines in response to an antigen and mediated by t cells
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cell-mediated immunity
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this immunity involves antibody molecule production in response to an antigen, mediated by b cells
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humoral immunity
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apc activation-viral response (all nucleated cells)
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proteins load onto MHCI, present to cytotoxic t cell CD8; porforins released to poke holes in infected cell to kill it and virus
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top of antibody is
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light chain, variable region
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bottom of antibody is
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heavy chain, constant region
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meet this in daily life, results in illness, body learns that microbe (chicken pox, colds)
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infection (interaction with microbe)
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purposeful meeting with this, diseases are too dangers to risk infection (virus, bacteria)
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vaccination (interaction with microbe)
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live cells genetically altered to confer strong, lasting immunity
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attenuated vaccine (interaction with microbe)
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cells killed by heat/chemicals, safe but less effective and needs booster
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inactivated vaccine (interaction with microbe)
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this immunity must be acquired thru interaction with a microbe
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adaptive immunity
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this immunity you are born with
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innate
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3 step series:
1-series of proteins 2-ends with forming membrane attack complex (holes in cells/lysis) helps inflamm process by 3-contributing cell fragments |
complement system (4th step in 2nd line of defense)
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complement steps (actual names)
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initiation, amplification/cascade, polymerization, membrane attack
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3rd step in 2nd line of defense
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interferon
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interferon
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small proteins produced by wbcs and tissue, in resps to viruses/antigens, bind to cells induce antiviral protein expression, and spreads word to body that a virus is present
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phagosome fused with a lysosome
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phagolysosome
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remnants of phagocytosis; death of this occurs w/in 30 mins d/t enzyme activity, resp burst, lysozyme, lactic acid, nitric acid liberation
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phagolysosome
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these come from monocytes
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macrophages
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these are the scavengers; they process, engulf, digest foreign material
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macrophages
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these react early to bact/foreign material/damaged tissue
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neutrophils
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these cells die in process of engulfing, digesting foreign material; they're the main component of pus giving it white color
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neutrophils
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these clean up the mess that neutrophils leave behind
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macrophages
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this inhibits multiplication of temp-sensitive microbes
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fever
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reduces iron, so it impedes bacteria; increases metabolism, stimulates immune reactions/protective processes
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fever
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this substance resets hypothalamus to increase body temp
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pyrogens
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these cause muscles to heat up, vasoconstriction to produce more head
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pyrogens
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chemical movement/cell movement in response to chemicals and site of injury
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chemotaxis
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how macrophages squeeze thru cells/tissue -vasodilation-
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diapedesis
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redness, warmth, swelling, pain, poss loss of function
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steps to inflammation
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protein receptors in macrophage cell membrane, bind antigens
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toll-like receptors
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4 actions in 2nd line of defense
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inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, complement
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spleen, lymph nodes, cell collections, GALT, Peyer's patch
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secondary lymph organs; circulation-based
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thymus, bone marrow
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primary lymph organs
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site of lymphocytic origin and maturation
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primary lymph organs (thymus, bone marrow)
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plasma-like liquid, carried by lymph circ (skeletal musc mvmt) back up body; formed by blood components exited from blood vessels
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lymph fluid
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this plasma-like liquid is made of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins and transports wbcs, fats, cellular debris, infections agents
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lymph fluid
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this is an alternative route for returning extracellular fluid to circ system; drain off for inflammatory response
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lymph system
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this system renders surveillance, recognition, collection of foreign material (nodes)
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lymph system
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diffs between monocytes and macrophages
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monocytes are in bloodstream; macrophages are monocytes that exited bloodstream and entered extracellular space
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b cells made here
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bone marrow
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t cells made here
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thymus
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basophils are also called
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mast cells
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mast cells (aka basophils)
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release chemical signals to call other cells to site of injury; remain in RES
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these cells destroy eukaryotic pathogens *hint: e
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eosinophils
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these cells are phagocytic
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neutrohils, macrophages
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agranulocytes
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*mal*
leukocytes, monocytes |
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granulocytes
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*nebgran*
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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wbcs we are born with, they recognize foreign material, can be gran/agran
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leukocytes
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connective fibers surrounding organs where phagocytic cells hang out
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RES; reticuloendothelial system
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this system does surveillance of body, recognizes foreignities, destructs them
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immune system
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physical
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first line of defense
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first line of defense: physical: consists of this
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skin, mucus of resp tract, gi tract; tightly packed cells, keratin, blinking/tears, stomach acid
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chemical
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first line of defense
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first line of defense: chemical: consists of this
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sebaceous secretions, lysozyme for cell burst in saliva/tears, lactic acid in sweat, HCL in stomach, bile, semen antimicrobial
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vagina environment
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warm, moist; low pH; few nutrients to keep bact from growing; mostly lactobacilli to keep pH acidic; candida albicans
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urethra environment
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microbe-free, tightly packed cells, flushing by urine helps avoid adherance
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enzymes/toxins that give strength for causing disease
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virulence factors
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a place for pahtogens to live before/after infection, like ebola in gorillas
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reservoir
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if this is eliminated, the pathogen is eliminated
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reservoir
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zoonotic, human
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types of reservoirs
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seeminly healthy people who are infected but have no signs/symptoms
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incubatory carriers
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people who've harbored pathogen for years, even after completing cycle of illness
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chronic carriers
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stds and other diseases that can't live outside the body stay in this reservoir
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human
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animals that are reservoir to human diseases like rabies
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zoonotic
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area that infectious agent enters, usually skin or mucus membranes
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portal of entry
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modes of microbe transmisson
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contact (direct/indirect), vehicle, vector
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fomites
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inanimate objects harboring disease (utensils, bedding)
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part of disease's life cycle must occur in this vector (mosquitos)
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biological vector
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disease doesn't need to mature in vector's body (just rides on it: flies)
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mechanical vector
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vertical transmission
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to baby from mother; prenatal and perinatal
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fecal-oral route of transmission
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oral contact with fecal-infected material (flies, utensils, tables) usually by poor hygiene
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parenteral transmission
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microbes put directly into blood vessels or deep tissue, usually thru bite or deep/puncture wound (AIDS, malaria)
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thru this transmission, the pathogens can survive in air, be inhaled, survive in dust
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airborne
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3 modes of drug resistance
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change what drug targets, remove/exclude drug once it has entered, acquire enzymes that inactivate/destroy drug (like beta lactamase that cuts ring in pcn, inactivating it)
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limit livestock abx use, don't prescribe for viral infection, stop selling without a scrip, stop prescribing too often, use 2+ drugs at once, comply with treatment
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ways to slow drug resistance
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these live in body thruout life, can be reduced but never eliminated
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resident biota/normal flora
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not a normal flora of body; can be removed with cleansing
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transient biota
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these flora cause disease when host defenses are down or normal flora are weak (result from broad spect abx and device implantation)
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opportunistic biota
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2 weeks: normal flora colonization
6 mths: teeth: strep increases; gumline: fusobact/bacteroids; breast milk: 90% of intest. bact is bifidobacter, vagina changes with estrogen (acidic with estrogen increase) |
normal flora changes in mouth, b. milk, vagina
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general defenses
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structural: skin
mechanical: washing, blinking, cilia in trachea biochemical: tears, saliva, sweat (lysozyme) |
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environment of skin
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tightly packed cells, dry, fatty acids, lysozyme present
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staph aureus, staph epidermidis, diptheroids, fungi, mites
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normal flora of skin
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normal flora of skin help by
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taking up space so others can't inhabit
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5-10% of people carry
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s. aureus; most are pathogenic
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most ppl have this facultative anaerobe that causes wound infection when it occurs
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staph epidermidis
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diptheroids
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gram + rods
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propionibacterium acnes
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live deep in hair follicles feeding on sebum; cause acne outbreaks depending on pore shape
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staph, diptheroids
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bact in conjunctiva
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nasal cavity/pharynx environment
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warm, moist; cleared by cilia; cystic fibrosis/smoking: ciliary infections;
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normal flora of nasal cavity/pharynx
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staph spp (harmless, may cause tooth decay), strep spp, moraxella, haemophilus, lactobacilli, diptheroids
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anaerobes beneath gumline
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bacteroids spp, fusobacterium spp
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yeast in mouth, causes thrush
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candida albicans
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environment of esophagus, stomach, small intestines
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too harsh for biota to survive, acidis, bile salts for fat breakdown, peristalsis
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these drugs target nucleic acids
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rifampin, quinolones
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these inhibit folic acid synthesis
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sulfas, trimethoprim
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antifungals
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nystatin, imda/trizoles, griseofulvin
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natural resistance
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naturally lacks the target that drug attacks or repels/blocks drug naturally
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resistance occurs thru mutation and genetic exchange, not there naturally
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acquired resistance
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inhibits cell wall synthesis
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pcn, vanc, ceph
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inhibit protein synthesis
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aminogly (strep, gent), chloramphenicol, tetracyc, erythro
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selectively toxic drugs
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inhib cell wall syn, inhib folic acid syn, inhib protein sys if targeting 70S or 80S ribosomes
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interfere with cell membrane, inhib of nucleic acid
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not selectively toxic because we have these things
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drug elimination
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liver metabolizes and detoxifies blood chemicals;
kidneys: excrete drugs and metabolites |
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sythetic drugs
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we completely make
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semi-synthetic drugs
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we've taken a naturally occuring substance and altered it a bit in a lab
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abx
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substances produced naturally by an organism that inhibit/destroy microbes
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antimicrobial chemotherapy
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use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection
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antimicrobials
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any antimicrobial drug, regardless of origin
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chemotherapeutic drug
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umbrella term for chemical used to treat/relieve/prophylactically treat a disease
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ideal drug
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willl be selectively toxic, reach all body parts, break down easly, not disrupt normal flora
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anaerobes beneath gumline
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bacteroids spp, fusobacterium spp
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yeast in mouth, causes thrush
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candida albicans
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environment of esophagus, stomach, small intestines
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too harsh for biota to survive, acidis, bile salts for fat breakdown, peristalsis
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these drugs target nucleic acids
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rifampin, quinolones
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these inhibit folic acid synthesis
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sulfas, trimethoprim
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antifungals
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nystatin, imda/trizoles, griseofulvin
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natural resistance
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naturally lacks the target that drug attacks or repels/blocks drug naturally
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resistance occurs thru mutation and genetic exchange, not there naturally
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acquired resistance
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inhibits cell wall synthesis
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pcn, vanc, ceph
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inhibit protein synthesis
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aminogly (strep, gent), chloramphenicol, tetracyc, erythro
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