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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Compared to the nervous system, which of the following is not characteristic of the endocrine system?
A) reacts slowly to a stimulus B) produces a longer lasting response to a stimulus C) adapts quickly to a continual stimulus D) communicates with electric signals |
D) communicates with electric signals
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Which of the following is not an important pathway of control between endocrine glands?
A) pituitary-gonadal axis B) pituitary-thyroid axis C) pituitary-adrenal axis D) pituitary-pineal axis |
D) pituitary-pineal axis
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Driving in congested traffic may cause release of which of these pituitary hormones?
A) ADH B) ACTH C) TSH D) GH |
B) ACTH
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Which of the following pituitary hormones stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone?
A) FSH B) LH C) TSH D) GH |
B) LH
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This hormone, synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, is produced when osmoreceptors sense a rise in blood osmolarity.
A) antidiuretic hormone B) growth hormone C) thyroid-stimulating hormone D) prolactin E) thyroxine |
A) antidiuretic hormone
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An increase in triiodothyronine concentrations would have all of the following effects except
A) increasing sodium/potassium pump activity. B) a rise in oxygen consumption. C) greater heat production. D) more mitochondrial enzymes produced. E) enhanced thyroid stimulating hormone production. |
E) enhanced thyroid stimulating hormone production.
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Estradiol is produced by which of the following?
A) sustentacular cells of the testes B) interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes C) islet cells of the pancreas D) granulosa cells of the ovary |
D) granulosa cells of the ovary
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Which gland secretes calcitonin and a hormone that stimulates ATP production?
A) pineal gland B) thymus C) thyroid gland D) adrenal gland |
C) thyroid gland
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Which of the following hormones will cause a fall in blood glucose concentrations?
A) parathyroid hormone B) epinephrine C) melatonin D) insulin E) glucagon |
D) insulin
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This hormone raises blood calcium levels.
A) glucagon B) aldosterone C) angiotensin D) parathyroid hormone E) calcitonin |
D) parathyroid hormone
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Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones work together to help maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Which of them works to decrease blood calcium?
A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone |
A) calcitonin
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The pineal gland produces this hormone which has effects in PMS, sleep cycles, menstrual cycles, and depression.
A) serotonin B) melatonin C) T1 D) T2 |
B) melatonin
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The thymus is largest during which part of the human life cycle?
A) old age B) middle age C) teenage years D) childhood |
D) childhood
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Which of the following concepts explains the fact that target cells do not have a great number of receptors and normal circulating blood concentrations of hormones are very low?
A) hormone specificity B) hormone saturation C) hormone half-life D) enzyme amplification |
D) enzyme amplification
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The G-protein functions as
A) a peripheral membrane protein. B) a first messenger. C) an enzyme activator. D) a ligand. |
B) a first messenger.
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The stress response includes all of the following except the
A) alarm reaction. B) resistance stage. C) exhaustion stage. D) delay stage. |
D) delay stage.
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The synthesis of which of the following paracrine substances will be least affected by the daily administration of steroids?
A) somatostatin B) leukotrienes C) prostacyclin D) prostaglandins E) thromboxanes |
A) somatostatin
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Chemical messengers that don't travel in blood but simply diffuse into and affect nearby cells are called ________ secretions.
A) endocrine B) paracrine C) exocrine D) holocrine |
B) paracrine
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A lack of antidiuretic hormone will lead to
A) acromegaly. B) dwarfism. C) diabetes insipidus. D) endemic goiter. E) diabetes mellitus |
C) diabetes insipidus
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Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the following?
A) bone resorption and renal calculi B) decreased blood calcium and muscle tetany C) exophthalmos D) endemic goiter |
A) bone resorption and renal calculi
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All of the following are anatomical differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system except the
A) type of neurotransmitter used. B) efferent pathway. C) afferent pathway. D) type of effectors. |
C) afferent pathway.
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There are about ___ postganglionic neurons for every preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division.
A) 2 B) 17 C) 24 D) 100 |
B) 17
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Which of the following pairs of terms is correct?
A) facial, CN V B) oculomotor, CN IV C) glossopharyngeal, CN XI D) vagus, CN X E) spinal accessory, CN IX |
D) vagus, CN X
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This cranial nerve is the only nerve to innervate structures in the thorax and abdomen.
A) trigeminal B) spinal accessory C) hypoglossal D) facial E) vagus |
E) vagus
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Which cranial nerve sends branches to the heart?
A) VIII B) IX C) X D) XI |
C) X
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Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem as part of which four cranial nerves?
A) III, IV, V, and VI B) III, V, VII, and IX C) III, VII, IX, and X D) V, VI, IX, and X |
C) III, VII, IX, and X
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The communicating rami are
A) afferent fibers. B) efferent fibers. |
A) afferent fibers.
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The _____ communicating ramus has preganglionic fibers that travel from spinal nerve to a paravertebral ganglion.
A) white B) gray |
A) white
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Which of the following is an example of a sympathetic effect?
A) bronchoconstriction B) stimulation of muscle of urinary bladder C) serous salivary secretion D) ciliary muscle relaxation for far vision |
D) ciliary muscle relaxation for far vision
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Inhibits GH secretion from adenohypophsis
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G Somatostatin
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consequence of a dietary iondine deficiency
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O Endemic goiter
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hormone that stimulates HCI secretion by the stomach
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D gastrin
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enzyme that phosphorylates other enzymes
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A kinase
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formed when two diiodotyrosine residues are linked
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R thyroxine
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hormone of the kidneys and liver that increases red blood cell production
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T erythropoietin
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caused by certain viruses acting on genetically susceptible people
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H type 1 DM
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polypeptide, primarily from the liver, that promotes the actions of GH
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P somatomedin
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any pituitary hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes
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I gonadotropin
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stimulates release of glucocoricoids from adrenal cortex
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M ACTH
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16. The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except
A. adrenal gland. B. smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta. C. cardiac muscle in the right atrium. D. skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis. E. parotid salivary gland |
D. skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis.
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17. Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except
A. correcting the diameter of the pupil. B. adjusting heart rate and force. C. altering salivary mucus secretion. D. regulating gastrointestinal mobility. E. maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck. |
E. maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck.
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18. Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?
A. sensory receptor interneuron afferent nerve fiber efferent nerve fiber gland B. sensory receptor efferent nerve fiber interneuron afferent nerve fiber gland C. sensory receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber gland D. sensory receptor efferent nerve fiber afferent nerve fiber interneuron gland E. sensory receptor interneuron efferent nerve fiber afferent nerve fiber gland |
C. sensory receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber gland
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19. Parasympathetic tone
A. holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate. B. accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate. C. might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation. D. affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction. E. does not affect heart rate. |
A. holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
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20. Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving
A. anger. B. digestion. C. exercise. D. stress. E. arousal. |
B. digestion.
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21. ___ is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
A. "Fight or flight" activity B. Visceral motor activity C. Autonomic reflex arc activity D. Visceral tone E. Autonomic tone. |
E. Autonomic tone.
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22. The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are)
A. norepinephrine (NE). B. acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE). C. acetylcholine (ACh). D. dopamine. E. dopamine and norepinephrine (NE). |
C. acetylcholine (ACh).
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23. The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ___, and/whereas the effect of somatic fibers is ___.
A. always excitatory; always excitatory too B. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory C. excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory D. always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory E. always inhibitory; always excitatory |
B. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory
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24. Autonomic nervous system
A. controls skeletal muscle contraction. B. has no ganglia along its nerves. C. uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively. D. denervation would cause hypersensitivity. E. usually controls conscious actions. |
D. denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
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25. In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats per minute.
A. baroreceptors; decrease B. proprioceptors; decrease C. baroreceptors; increase D. proprioceptors; increase E. chemoreceptors; increase |
A. baroreceptors; decrease
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26. The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves __ neurons.
A. no B. one C. two D. three E. four |
C. two
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28. Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete ____.
A. myelinated; norepinephrine (NE) B. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) C. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine(NE) D. unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) E. unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE) |
B. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
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30. Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in
A. the vagus nerve. B. the trigeminal nerve. C. the pelvic nerve. D. the sacral plexus. E. the sciatic nerve. |
A. the vagus nerve.
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31. Sympathetic fibers arise only from the ____ region(s) of the spinal cord.
A. cervical, thoracic, and lumbar B. thoracic and lumbar C. thoracic D. cervical E. lumbar |
B. thoracic and lumbar
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32. The sympathetic chain of ganglia (paraventral ganglia) is found at the ___ level of the spinal cord.
A. cervical and thoracic B. thoracic and lumbar C. thoracic, lumbar and sacral D. sacral, lumbar and cocygeal E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and cocygeal |
E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and cocygeal
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33. These are all features of the sympathetic division except
A. it originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. B. it has long postganglionic fibers. C. it has long preganglionic fibers. D. its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column. E. it has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect |
C. it has long preganglionic fibers.
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34. These are all characteristics of the parasympathetic division except
A. its effects are local. B. the terminal ganglia are very close to their target organs. C. it originates in the craniosacral region of the spinal cord. D. it has short preganglionic fibers. E. it has short postganglionic fibers. |
D. it has short preganglionic fibers.
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35. This figure shows the neural pathway through the autonomic nervous system. What does structure the "3" represents?
A. postganglionic sympathetic fiber B. preganglionic sympathetic fiber C. somatic motor fiber D. preganglionic parasympathetic fiber E. postganglionic parasympathetic fiber |
B. preganglionic sympathetic fiber
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36. This figure shows the neural pathway through the autonomic nervous system. What structure(s) is(are) not associated with the autonomic nervous system?
A. 3 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 6 D. 2 E. 7 |
D. 2
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37. Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with 10 to 20 postganglionic neurons. This results in
A. sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord all along its length. B. sympathetic nervous system having a relative widespread effect. C. sympathetic spinal nerves being smaller. D. sympathetic ganglia being close to the spinal cord. E. spinal nerves being smaller. |
B. sympathetic nervous system having a relative widespread effect.
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40. This figure shows a division of the autonomic nervous system. The label __ represents the Vagus Nerve (CN X).
A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 E. 5 |
A. 4
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41. Which nerve(s) carries most parasympathetic fibers?
A. spinal nerves B. pelvic splanchnic nerves C. nerves of the abdominal aortic plexus D. vagus nerve (CN X) E. facial nerve (CN VII) |
D. vagus nerve (CN X)
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42. The parasympathetic division arises from the ___ region(s) of the spinal cord.
A. brain, thoracic and lumbar B. brain, sacral and coccygeal C. brain, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal D. sacral and lumbar E. brain and sacral |
E. brain and sacral
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43. Damage of ___ will affect near vision accommodation.
A. celiac ganglion B. oculomotor nerve (CN III) C. facial nerve (CN VII) D. glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) E. cardiac plexus |
B. oculomotor nerve (CN III)
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46. If a cell has 1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to
A. acetylcholine (ACh). B. norepinephrine (NE). C. adrenalin. D. alpha adrenalin. E. nicotine. |
B. norepinephrine (NE).
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47. All of the following are under dual control of the ANS except
A. pupil diameter. B. heart rate. C. salivary gland activity. D. adrenal medulla activity. E. gastrointestinal motility |
D. adrenal medulla activity.
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36. The ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
A. thyroid B. thymus C. adrenal gland D. spleen E. parathyroid |
B. thymus
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38. The ___ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
A. thymus B. thyroid gland C. parathyroid glands D. pineal gland E. pituitary gland |
C. parathyroid glands
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39. The ___ secrete(s) ___, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
A. adrenal medulla; epinephrine B. pancreas; cortisol C. kidneys; corticosterone D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone E. thyroid; calcitonin |
D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone
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40. The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes
A. glucagon. B. androgens. C. estradiol. D. aldosterone. E. cortisol. |
E. cortisol.
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48. Propanolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to
A. increase heart rate. B. decrease heart rate. C. produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries. D. produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle. E. produce bronchodilation |
B. decrease heart rate.
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49. Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?
A. acetylcholine B. nicotine C. muscarine D. norepinephrine E. thyroxine |
D. norepinephrine
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50. Muscarinic receptors bind
A. epinephrine. B. norepinephrine. C. monoamine oxidase (MAO). D. acetylcholinesterase. E. acetylcholine. |
E. acetylcholine.
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51. The binding of ___ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will ___ it.
A. acetylcholine; excite B. norepinephrine; excite C. monoamine oxidase; inhibit D. acetylcholine; inhibit E. acetylcholinesterase; excite |
A. acetylcholine; excite
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52. Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block?
A. alpha 1 adrenergic receptor B. nicotinic receptor C. muscarinic receptor D. alpha 2 adrenergic receptor E. beta receptor |
C. muscarinic receptor
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53. Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of
A. blood clotting. B. blood flow to the skeletal muscles. C. sweating. D. hair erection. E. gastrointestinal motility |
E. gastrointestinal motility
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54. ___ is an example of cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.
A. Orgasm B. Bronchodilation C. Gastrointestinal secretion D. Heart rate E. Vasomotor tone |
E. Vasomotor tone
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55. Sympathetic fibers do not release
A. acetylcholine. B. nitric oxide (NO). C. substance P. D. neuropeptide Y. E. Norepinephrine. |
B. nitric oxide (NO).
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56. Sympathetic effects tend to last ___ than parasympathetic effect. One reason is that ___.
A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down 56. Sympathetic effects tend to last ___ than parasympathetic effect. One reason is that ___. A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO |
B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without
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57. This enzyme breaks down norepinephrine (NE) in nerve fibers.
A. noradrenalinase B. adenosine C. monoamine oxidase (MAO) D. norepinephrinase E. catchol-O-methyltrasferase (COMT |
C. monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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58. A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ____ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ____.
A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) B. postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) C. preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) D. postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) E. somatic; norepinephrine (NE) |
A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
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59. Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely
A. activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities. B. block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis. C. stimulate -2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles. D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant. E. inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression. |
D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant.
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60. A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called _____, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.
A. glycine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. melatonin E. adenosine |
E. adenosine
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61. Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?
A. preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division B. postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division C. postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division D. all motor fibers of the somatic motor system E. preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division |
B. postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
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62. The ___ is a specially important center of autonomic control.
A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. hypothalamus D. midbrain E. pituitary gland |
C. hypothalamus
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63. Autonomic function receives input from all these except
A. spinal cord. B. cerebral cortex. C. hypothalamus. D. medulla oblongata. E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system. |
E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.
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E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.
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E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system.
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64. ___ nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.
A. Facial B. Trigeminal C. Vagus D. Celiac E. Splanchnic |
E. Splanchnic
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65. Which of the following is associated with the "flight or fight" reaction?
A. pupillary constriction B. glycogen synthesis C. increased gastric motility D. reduced urinary output E. reduced heart rate |
D. reduced urinary output
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Preganglionic fibers run from
A. Posterior root ganglia to gray matter B. Posterior root ganglia to autonomic ganglia C. Gray matter to posterior root ganglia D. Gray matter to autonomic ganglia E.Autonomic ganglia to visceral effectors. |
D. Gray matter to autonomic ganglia
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Somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes. These are all reason for this except
A. effector pathway in the somatic reflex are is myelinated B. Effector pathway in the visceral reflex are involves more neurons c. Effector pathway in the visceral reflex are involves more chemical synapses D. Some of the neurons in the effect pathway in the visceral reflex are unmyelinated E Effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord. |
E Effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
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___ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
A.aldosterone B.Cortiisol C.Testosteron D.Calcitriol E.Glucagon |
E.Glucagon
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The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by
A.Cortisol B.Epinephrine C.Norephinephrine D.angiotensin E.aldosterone. |
A.Cortisol
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