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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Specific heat |
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree |
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Latent heat of vaporization |
Quantity of heat absorbed by a substance at the point at which it changes from a liquid to a vapor |
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The smaller the hose diameter and longer the lay... |
The lower the pressure |
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Causes of friction loss |
Rough linings in fire hose, Damaged couplings, Sharp bends, Number of adapters, Length of hose lay, Hose diameter |
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Low volume stream |
Discharges less than 40 gpm |
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Handline stream |
Supplied by 1.5-3 in hose, 49-350 gpm streams (hoses with streams in excess of 350 gpm are not for handlines). |
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Master stream |
Discharges over 350 gpm, fed by one or more 2.5-3 in hoselines connected to a master stream nozzle. Created by master stream appliances such as deck pipes. |
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Types of fire streams |
Solid, fog, straight, broken |
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Solid stream |
Produced from fixed orifice, smooth bore nozzle. Compact streams with little shower or spray |
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Solid stream characteristics |
Reach and penetration, Produced at low pressure, Less steam conversion, More likely to conduct electricity |
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Breakover point |
Can be observed at the distance where a stream loses it's forward velocity |
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Continuity |
A stream doesn't lose continuity until it reaches a point where it loses forward velocity |
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Nozzle pressure |
A nozzle pressure of 50 psi will produce fire streams with good reach and volume using a smooth bore nozzle, if greater reach is needed a pressure of 65 may be used. Anything about that requires two firefighters. |
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Fog stream characteristics |
Used for hydraulic ventilation, Vapor dispersion, Crew protection, Reduce heat by exposing maximum surface for heat absorption, Nay disturb there layering if applied incorrectly |
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Standard pressure for fog nozzles |
100 psi |
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Straight streams |
Semi solid stream produced by a fog nozzle, done by rotating stream shaper until a straight stream is produced. |
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Broken stream |
Fire stream broken into coarsely divided water droplets by specialized nozzles such as cellar nozzles, piercing nozzles, chimney nozzles -Can be effective in confined spaces, -May conduct electricity |
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Best angle for fire hose |
45 degrees |
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Smooth bore nozzles |
Operate at low pressures, less prone to clogging with debris, Can be used to apply compressed air foam, May allow hoselines to kink |
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Smooth bore psi |
Operated at 50 psi for handlines and 80 psi for master stream appliances |
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Fog nozzles |
Discharge can be adjusted, Provide protection for firefighters, Can be used to apply foams 10gpm-250gpm |
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Master stream fog nozzles |
Flow at 350 gpm- 1259 gpm |
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Nozzle raction |
Counter force directed against a person holding a nozzle or device holding a nozzle by velocity of water being discharged |
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Nozzle operation |
Cradle the hoseline under one arm while holding the pistol grip in one hand, Pull back slowly on the base with other hand to open the nozzle, As the action increases lean forward in lunging position |
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Nozzle inspection |
Should occur after each use and annually to ensure working condition |
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Cleaning nozzles |
Use soap and water and soft bristle brush |
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Green wood |
Wood with high moisture content, does not burn as quickly a dehydrated or kiln dried wood |
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Composite building components |
Plywood, particleboard, fiberboard, oriented strand board, paneling |
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Spalling |
When stones and concrete lose small portions of their surface through heat |
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Lightweight steel truss |
Structual support made from a long steel bar that is bent at 90 degree angle with flat or angular pieces welded to the top and bottom. Fails much faster than an I beam |
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Critical temperature for steel |
1000 degrees Fahrenheit |
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Gypsum |
Has a high water content, excellent heat resistant and fire retardant properties. |
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Lath and plaster |
Found in building constructed prior to the 1950's, walls can be very hard to penetrate with axes or tools. Can also conceal fire. Horizontal wood strips filled with an interior plaster to form wall finish |
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Finger jointed timber |
Small pieces of wood joined into longer boards using epoxy resins and glues |
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Medium density fiberboard |
Looks like hardwood, used for doors, door surrounds, moldings.. laminated wood product |
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Particle board |
Made from flakes generated in manufacture of lumber, used for wall panels, formaldehyde is a glue present and can be dangerous when outgassing. |
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NFPA 5000 |
Building construction and safety code |
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Type 1 construction |
Provides highest level of protection from fire development and spread as well as collapse. Reinforced concrete, precast concrete, protected steel frame. Contain fire walls. |
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Type 2 contruction |
Composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or spread. Structures with metal framing members, metal cladding, concrete block construction if walls with metal deck roofs supported by unprotected open web joists are most common. |
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Type 3 construction |
Older schools, business, residential. Exterior walls and structual members are made of noncombustible materials, interior walls, columns, beams and roofs are completely or partially made of wood. |
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Type 4 construction |
Heavy timber/mill construction. Characterized by the use of large dimensional lumber typically 8 in structual members. Fire resistance of two hours. |
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Type 5 construction |
Wood frame or stick frame. Exterior load bearing walls composed entirely of wood. Veneer of stucco or brick. Includes pre fabricated truss systems instead of floor joists |
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Axial load |
A load passing through the center of the mass of the supporting element, perpendicular to it's cross section. |
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Eccentric Load |
A load perpindicular to the cross section of the supporting element that does not pass through the center of mass. |
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Torsional load |
A load parallel to the cross section of the supporting member that does not pass through the long axis. |
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Tension |
A force that pulls materials apart |
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Shear |
A force that tends to break material by causing it's molecules to slide past each other |
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Steel failure |
Steel fails at 1000° F |
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Gas law |
An increase in temp.=increase in pressure |
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Floor and columns are often.. |
Cast in place |
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Spreaders |
Stars or a variety of shapes on the side of a building indicating a wall tie (type 3 construction). A steel cable or rod under tension between two exterior walls adding support |
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Fire cut |
Roof and floor joists are fire cut in type 3 construction. They are designed to collapse during a fire. |
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Type 3 construction limitations |
Building have front and rear access only, Many have open staircases to mezzanine level and second floor, Narrow streets minimize apparatus access, Utility lines compromise ladder ops |
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Paraphet |
Concrete extensions on top of a type 3 building, any section of wall above the roof |
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Transom windows |
Elevated windows on type 3 buildings designed to let light in, fire penetrate s through transom windows and ignited combustible overhangs |
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Taxpayer rooms |
Apartments on top of old type 3 buildings |
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Scuppers |
Installed to drain off sprinkler water reducing floor loads |
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Pier and beam foundation |
Raised foundation on older houses with skirt running around the house |
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Gusset plates |
Used to join wood components absorb heat faster than wood |
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Receo |
Rescue, exposure, confinement, extinguishment, overhaul. General fireground considerations. |
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Rams are only used on.. |
Inward swinging doors |
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Silicon carbide blade |
Used to cut through masonry |
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Flat head axe weight |
6-8 lbs, preferably 8 |
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R tool |
Pulls locks that are longer than .5-1 in. |
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Halligans are used.. |
45° to the door |
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Teepee cut |
Use on overhead rolling steel doors |
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Lexan glass |
200x stronger than regular glass |
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Glass/metal doors |
Only way through is through the lock methods |
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Dual pumping |
Intake to intake. On engine feeds off another's supply |
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Relay pumping |
Discharge to intake, done to cover distance |
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Tandem pumping |
Discharge to intake, done to increase pressure |
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Nfpa 1963 |
All engines must have a fog and smooth bore nozzle |
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Stream tyoes |
Solid, fog, straight, broken |
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Direct attack |
Designed to extinguishment a fire by applying water directly to the base |
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Indirect attack |
Designed to extinguish a fire by direct stream to superheated gas layer |
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Combination attack |
Uses a power cone method and attack the fire and superheated gasses |
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Extrication |
Removal of victims trapped by some type of man made machinery |
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Rescue |
The removal and treatment of victims from situations involving natural elements |
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Eddy |
Calm area of river behind an obstruction disrupting laminar flow |
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Falling in water: |
Lay belly up, 45° angle toward intended shore, feet opposite direction you want to go |
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Hydrant gpm |
29.83×Coefficient×Diameter squared×√FP |
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Size of pump orifice |
Effects pressure, larger the orifice greater the pressure |
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Friction loss |
Larger GPM causes lager friction loss |
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If a rope stretch ___ of it's length it cannot be used |
10% |
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Type of rope used in fire service |
Static Kernmantle |
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Rope must be measured.. |
After each use |
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Rope strength |
50% in sheath 50% in core |
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Life safety rope must have.. |
9000 lb capacity, carry a 2 person load of 600 lbs |
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Hoisting an axe |
Figure 8 on a bit, half inch knot to secure |
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Incident priorities |
1. Life safety 2. Incident stability 3. Property conservation |
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Benchmarks |
1. Primary search complete 2. Under control (you have resources needed to control the incident) 3. PAR 4. Secondary Search 5. Loss stop 6. PAR 7. Terminate Command |
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Command Modes |
-Nothing showing/Investigate -Fast Attack (applies to fire and search) -Command (where is IC most valuable? Large scale incidents with multiple personnel) |
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Operational Modes |
-Offensive -Defensive (protecting exposures) -Non-intervention (explosives, downed power lines) -Offensive to Defensive: transitional attack -Defensive to Offensive: Blitz attack, works well for garage fires. |
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MAYDAY |
Regardless of assignment switch to mayday if it is called. If you are on fire attack provide coverage for rescue. |
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Emergency traffic |
Anything crucial to life safety or change of conditions where priority of communication shifts to report the emergency. Call emergency traffic. |
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5 key assignments |
-Fire attack -Primary search -Vent -Rit -Backup line: protects means of egress |
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Branch |
Can be geographic or serve a function, branches contain groups, divisions, task forces, strike teams. |
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Wythes |
Solid load bearing brick walls in type 3 construction. |