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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ANS consists of motor neurons that innervate ______, _____, and _____. |
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle glands |
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The autonomic nervous system is a (voluntary/involuntary) system |
involuntary
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The ANS consists of a (one/two) neuron chain. |
A two neuron chain
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The two-neuron chain of the ANS consists of a _______ neuron and a _______ neuron.
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preganglionic
postganglionic |
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The somatic nervous system deals with a single neurotransmitter named _______.
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Acetylcholine (Ach+)
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The preganglionic fibers of the ANS use the neurotransmitter(s):
a) acetylcholine b) norepinephrine c) both a and b |
a) acetylcholine
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The preganglionic axon is longer in the _______ nervous system.
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parasympathetic |
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A single neuron in the somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscle directly (true/false) |
true |
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The postganglion of the autonomic nervous system in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are (myelinated/unmyelinated) |
unmyelinated
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The sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system affect all the same organs except ________. |
the adrenal gland
it is affected solely by the sympathetic nervous system. |
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The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are in the spinal cord segment T1-L2 (true/false)
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true |
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The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also named the craniosacral division of outflow (true/false)
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true
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The thoracic preganglionic nerve from T5-L2 are also called _______ ________ ______.
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thoracic splanchnic nerves |
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The postganglionic fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerves serves the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen and kidneys (true/false) |
true |
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The thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse at the celiac and inferior mesenteric ganglia. (true/false)
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false
they synapse at the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia |
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The vagus nerve, cranial nerve ____, effects heart, lungs and most visceral organs.
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Cranial nerve ten (X)
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The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division effects the large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys and reproductive organs. (true/false)
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false
it does not effect the kidneys |
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Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion, a preganglionic fiber may: |
f) a, c and d
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The postganglionic fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerves serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen and kidneys (true/false)
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true |
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All preganglionic fibers must synapse before reaching the adrenal medulla (true/false)
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false
some preganglionic fibers can pass directly to the adrenal medulla without synapsing |
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Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete ______ into the blood.
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Adrenaline |
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The integration center for visceral reflexes may be _______.
a) preganglionic neuron b) a dorsal horn interneuron c) within walls of the gastrointestinal tract d) all of the above e) none of the above |
d) all of the above
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The stimulus for visceral reflexes is recieved through the ________ root ganglion.
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dorsal |
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Pain that is percieved as somatic in origin is called _____ _____ because visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathway as somatic pain fibers.
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referred pain
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Referred pain of the _______ may be felt in the right shoulder.
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gallbladder
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A common place of referred pain of the heart is felt in the _____.
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left arm
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Cholenergic fibers release ________.
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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All preganglionic axons of ANS and the postganglionic parasympathetic axons release acetylcholine (true/false)
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true
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Adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic division release _______.
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norepinephrine (NE) |
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The two types of receptors that bind ACh are ________ and _______. They are named for the drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects. |
muscarinic
nicotinic |
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Nicotinic receptors are found on
a) motor end plates of skeletal muscle cells b) all postganglionic neurons (of sympathetic and parasympathetic) c)only in the somatic nervous system d) hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla e) a, b and d f) a and b only |
e) a, b and d
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The effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors is always __________.
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stimulatory
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_________ receptors are found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers.
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Muscarine
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The effect of ACh at the muscarine receptors are _______ depending on the receptor type the target organ.
a) excitatory b) inhibitory c) both excitatory or inhibitory |
c) both excitatory or inhibitory
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There are two types of adrenergic receptors. They are called alpha and delta (true/false)
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false
alpha and beta |
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Alpha receptors are usually ________ and beta receptors are usually _______, except in the heart.
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alpha - excitatory
beta - inhibitory |
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Most organs have _____ innervation.
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dual
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Dynamic (agonism/antagonism) allows for precise control of visceral activity.
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antagonism
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(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) tone controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial contraction.
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Sympathetic
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(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) tone dominates the heart and smooth mucles of the digestive and urinary tract organs.
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Parasympathetic
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Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation; are responsible for the erection of the penis or clitoris (true/false) |
true
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Parasympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex contraction of a female's vagina (true/false)
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false
Sympathetic fibers |
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The adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles kidneys and most blood vessels recieve only ________ fibers. |
b) sympathetic
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Thermoregulatory responses to heat, release of renin from the kidneys and metabolic effects are controlled by the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) division.
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sympathetic
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The _______ division is short-lived, highly localized control over effectors while the ______ division has long-lasting body wide effects.
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parasympathetic
sympathetic |
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The ________ is the main integration center for ANS activity.
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hypothalamus
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Hypothalmic functions are influenced by subconcious cerebral imput via the _______ lobe.
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limbic
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The cerebral cortex, the reticular formation and the spinal cord control the ANS along with the hypothalamus and the limbic lobe (true/false)
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true
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Ninety percent of all the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are found in the:
a) glossopharyngeal nerve b) vagus nerve c) trigeminal nerve d) facial nerve e) oculomotor nerve. |
b) vagus nerve
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The situation in which a myocardial infarction can cause pain in the superior thoracic wall and the left arm is known as:
a) referred pain. b) visceral reflex arc. c) dual innervation. d) two-neuron motor chain. e) somatic reflex arc. |
a) referred pain
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Which of the following activities is associated with the parasympathetic system?
a) emergency b) exercise c) excitement d) embarrassment e) digestion |
e) digestion
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Which of the following does NOT use acetylcholine?
a) neuromuscular junctions b) sympathetic postganglionic fibers c) autonomic preganglionic fibers d) somatic motor neurons e) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers |
b) sympathetic postganglionic fibers
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Which of the following is NOT associated with the vagus?
a) the otic ganglia b) the cardiac plexuses c) the esophageal plexuses d) intramural ganglia in viscera e) the dorsal motor nuclei in the medulla |
a) the otic ganglia
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Which of the following is NOT served by the superior cervical ganglion?
a) the irises of the eye b) the heart c) the salivary glands d) the tarsal muscles of the upper eyelid e) the skin of the head |
b) the heart
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Which of the following statements about nicotine receptors is INCORRECT?
a) nicotine is not the neurotransmitter. It is a drug that binds to this cholinergic receptor and stimulates the effect of acetylcholine. b) they are found in the adrenal medulla. c) when stimulated they may cause stimulation or inhibition according to the type of receptor present on the target organ. d) they are found on skeletal muscle cells. e) they can be found on the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic neurons or their targets. |
c) when stimulated they may cause stimulation or inhibition according to the type of receptor present on the target organ
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Which of the following substances is a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
a) nicotine b) muscarine c) dopamine d) acetylcholine e) norepinephrine |
e) norepinephrine
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Effectors of the somatic nervous system have:
a) beta adrenergic receptors. b) cholinergic receptors. c) alpha adrenergic receptors. d) autonomic receptors. |
b) cholinergic receptors
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Which of the following effectors are NOT under control of the autonomic nervous system? |
a) skeletal muscles
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Which of the following abdominal organs gets its parasympathetic innervation from the sacral outflow?
a) the kidney b) The distal half of the large intestine c) the gallbladder d) the stomach e) The pancreas |
b) the distal half of the large intestine
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Which of the following would NOT occur when the parasympathetic system is active?
a) quiet breathing b) constricted pupils c) cold skin d) gastrointestinal activity e) low normal blood pressure |
c) cold skin
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Which of the following would NOT take place during exercise or vigorous physical activity?
a) decreased urinary tract motility b) bronchial dilation to increase ventilation c) increased glucose release from the liver to provide increased energy to cells d) increased digestive activity to allow more glucose absorption for energy e) constriction of visceral blood vessels to supply more blood to the heart and skeletal muscle |
d) increased digestive activity to allow more glucose absorption for energy
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Which of the splanchnic nerves terminates in the adrenal gland?
a) the abdominal aortic splanchnic b) the sacral splanchnic c) the thoracic splanchnic d) the cervical splanchnic e) the lumbar splanchnic |
c) the thoracic splanchnic
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Which of the following neurotransmitters would be the only secretion of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system?
a) acetylcholine b) norepinephrine c) acetylcholinesterase d) epinephrine |
a) acetylcholine
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The division of the autonomic nervous system that puts you into "fight-or-flight" mode is the:
a) cerebral cortical branch. b) parasympathetic division. c) sympathetic division. d) somatic branch. |
c) sympathetic division
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Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers going to the heart would cause:
a) an increase in rate and force of contraction. b) a decrease in rate and an increase in force. c) an increase in rate and a decrease in force. d) a decrease in both rate and force. |
a) an increase in rate and force of contraction
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The autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system in all of the following characteristics, except:
a) its target organs. b) the structural characteristics of its neurons. c) its effectors. d) its efferent pathways. |
b) the structural characteristics of its neurons
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Dual innervation means that:
a) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ. b) an organ is innervated by both a spinal and cranial nerve. c) an organ is supplied by both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. d) an organ is supplied by both the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. |
a) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ.
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Which of the following cranial nerves synapses in the otic ganglion?
a) Glossopharyngeal b) Olfactory c) Optic d) Vagus |
a) glossopharyngeal
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The presence of numerous preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the gray mater of the spinal cord produces the ________.
a) spinal canal b) posterior horns c) lateral horns d) anterior horns |
c) lateral horns
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The postganglionic sympathetic axons enter the adjoining spinal nerves by way of the:
a) sweat glands. b) gray rami cummunicantes. c) white rami cummunicantes. d) arrector pili. |
b) gray rami communicantes
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The rami cummunicantes are designated white or gray depending on whether they are:
a) myelinated or not. b) from the sympathetic or parasympathetic system. c) in the thoracic or lumbar region. d) from the white or gray matter of the central nervous system. |
a) myelinated or not
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Embryonically, the sympathetic ganglia and the ___________ arise from the same tissue.
a) hypothalamus b) adrenal medulla c) medulla oblongata d) adrenal cortex |
b) adrenal medulla
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The phenomenon of referred pain can be explained by the fact that: |
a) visceral pain afferents travel the same pathway as somatic pain fibers.
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Beta 3 receptors are only found in:
a) the adrenal medulla. b) the lungs and bronchi. c) the kidneys. d) adipose tissue. |
d) adipose tissue
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Albuterol used to treat asthma binds to ___________ and causes bronchiole dilation. |
c) Beta 2 receptors
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Nicotinic agents are only used:
a) to increase blood pressure in hypotensive patients. b) in smoking cessation products. c) to regulate the heart rate in patients with bradycardia. d) to regulate the heart rate in patients with tachycardia. |
b) in smoking cessation products
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During vigorous activity, which of the following actions would be dampened?
a) the digestion of food b) the respiratory rate c) the flow of blood to cardiac muscle d) the release of glucose into the blood stream |
a) the digestion of food
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Lateral horns are absent in the sacral region of the spinal cord (true/false)
|
true
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Most the fine-tuning of body functions occurs without our awareness or attention (true/false) |
true
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The parasympathetic division exerts short-lived, highly localized control over its effectors (true/false) |
true
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Transmission through the autonomic motor system is faster than through the somatic motor system (true/false)
|
false
it is slower |
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Usually, the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of a target organ oppose each other, but they sometimes have cooperative effects (true/false)
|
true
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As we age the efficiency of the autonomic nervous system decreases (true/false)
|
true
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Taking a class in Yoga is generally very relaxing as a result of the stimulation of sympathetic effectors (true/ false)
|
false
stimulation of the parasympathetic effectors |
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Both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors have several subclasses (true/false)
|
true
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The main integration center of the ANS is the cerebral cortex (true/false)
|
false
it is the hypothalamus |
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The sympathetic trunk extends only from the thorax to the lumbar region where the sympathetic fibers arise (true/false)
|
false
Although sympathetic fibers arise only from the thoracic and lumbar areas, the sympathetic trunk extends from the neck to the pelvis |
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The parasympathetic nervous system has little or no effect on blood vessels (true/false)
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true
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One of the major differences between the somatic and visceral motor divisions is the presence of two neurons in the visceral pathway (true/false)
|
true
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The preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division is generally shorter than in the parasympathetic division (true/false)
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true
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What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
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to stimulate skeletal muscles
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__________ is released by all somatic motor neurons at their synapses and always excites muscle contraction.
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acetylcholine
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What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerves?
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activating the parotid salivary glands
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As the vagus nerves pass into the thorax, they send branches to the cardiac plexuses to increase heart rate (true/false)
|
false
As the vagus nerves pass into the thorax, they send branches to the cardiac plexuses supplying fibers to the heart that slow heart rate |
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The sympathetic division is anatomically more complex than the parasympathetic division (true/false)
|
true
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__________ and __________ are the major neurotransmitters released by autonomic nervous system neurons
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Acetylcholine/norepinephrine
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Norepinephrine and epinephrine can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on target organs (true/false)
|
true
|
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Why do doctors sometimes prescribe drugs called "alpha-blockers" to treat hypertension? |
They interfere with (block) the activity of vasomotor fibers that control blood vessel tone.
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Although sympathetic nerve impulses act only briefly, they provoke hormonal effects that last much longer (true/false)
|
true
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The _______ _______ may subconsciously modify the workings of the autonomic nervous system
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cerebral cortex
|
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Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (true/false) |
true
Autonomic neuropathy (damage to autonomic nerves) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus |
|
Blood "shunting" helps maintain circulation to vital organs during circulatory shock (true/false) |
true
|