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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Thyroid hormones are ___________?
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Amino acid derived
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In the cell membrane adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the second messenger activates the enzyme ________________.
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Protein Kinase A
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In the cell membrane adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the activated G protein activates the enzyme ___________________.
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Adenylate cyclase
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What second messenger of the Phospholipase C system opens Ca++ channels of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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IP3
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Oxytocin and ADH bind to what type of GPCR System?
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Phospholipase C-IP3/DAG
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A hormone that is synthesized and secreted in an inactive stated and then activated by target tissue enzymes (thyroxine is an example) is termed a (n) ________________.
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Prehormone
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The secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine is controlled by Sympathetic Preganglionic nerve fibers. What type of control mechanism is involved?
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Neural
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What hypothalamic nuclei synthesize the hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
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Paraventricular and Supraoptic
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The secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands is controlled by the blood [Ca++]. What type of mechanism is involved?
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Humoral
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The cell receptors for hormone binding may be located at each o the following locations in the cells : in the nucleus; bound to the cell membrane; in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Thyroid hormones bind to which receptors? |
Receptors in the nucleus.
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What type of feedback is described as inhibition of tropic hormone secretion, by the target tissue hormone, acting on either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland?
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Long loop
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What type of feedback is described as the pituitary gland tropic hormone acts back on pituitary gland cells to inhibit secretion of the tropic hormone?
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Auto feedback
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The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are each secreted by a specific cell type. Which specific cell type secretes the hormone Prolactin.
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Lactotrope
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Which specific cell type secretes Growth Hormone
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Somatotrope
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What hormone produces the condition Myxedema when the hormone is hyposecreted in adults?
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Thyroxine
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What hormones produce the condition Addison's Disease when the hormones are hyposecreted in adults?
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Cortisol and Aldosterone
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What hormone produces the condition Cushing's Syndrome when the hormone is hypersecreted in adults?
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Cortisol
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THS
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Stimulates secretion of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland.
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ACTH
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Stimulates secretion of Cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
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GH
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Stimulates secretion of somatomedins (IGFs) by liver cells.
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ADH
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Produces concentrated urine by stimulating water reabsorption by the kidney.
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Identify the hormone controlled by the given releasing/inhibiting hormomes.
CRH |
ACTH
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What effect does increases GH secretion have on liver cell glycogenolysis?
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Increase
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What effect would decreased blood [cortisol] have on ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland?
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Increase
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What effect does decreased aldosterone secretion have on kidney reabsorption of Na+?
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Decrease
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What effect does increased cortisol sevretion have on liver glycogenolysis?
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Increase
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What effect does insulin secretion have on uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle, liver cells, and adipose tissue?
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Increase
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What effect does glucagon have on gluconogenesis in liver cells?
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Increase
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What is the main nonprotein N component of plasma? This component is measured in the BUN blood test.
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Urea
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Which class of plasma protein is represented by antibodies?
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Gamma Globulins
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Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized by what organ?
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Liver
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In the control of erythrocyte production, the ________ sectetes the hormone _________ in resonse to hypoxia?
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Kidneys, erythropoeitin
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True/False: When molecular oxygen binds to Hb in the RBC, the iron atom of each Hume molecule normally oxidizes.
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False
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The term which describes an excessive number of erythrocytes (> 6 million per ul) in the blood is ____.
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Polycythemia
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What abnormal RBC type is seen with iron deficiency anemia?
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Microcytic, hypochromic
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What type of anemia is produced by a deficiency of vitamin B12?
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Pernicious
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What are the 2 families of glycoprotein growth factors which stimulate WBC production?
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Colony Stimulating factors and Interleukins
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Which leukocyte provides humoral and cellular immunity through specialized B cells and T cells, respectively?
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Lymphocyte
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Which leukocyte is referred to as a polymorphonuclear leukocyte and appears in high numbers at the site of inflammation?
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Neutrophil
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What are the cell line origins of leukemia?
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Myeloid or lymphoid cell lines.
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What is the chemichal signal molecule which stimulates thrombocyte production?
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Thrombopoeitin
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Clotting through the intrinsic pathways occurs ________ clotting which iccurs through the extrinsic pathways.
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Slower than
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How is a clot dissolved once it has formed?
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Converstion of Plasminogen to Plasmin
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What is the basic mechanism of action of the anticoagulant Coumadin?
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Inhibits vitamin K
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What clotting factor is decicient or inactive in the most common form of Hemophilia?
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VIII
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What is the most common ABO/Rh blood type?
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O positive
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Describe the basis for the hemolytic transfusion reaction.
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Donor RBCs agglutinate (clump) in the recipients blood and Recipient antibodies agglutinate donor RBCs.
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What antigents and antibodies are present in blood type O?
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H antigen, Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies.
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The flow of blood from the left side of the heart to the body and back to the right side of the heart is the ________.
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Systemic circuit
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Papillary muscles extend from the ventricular wall and anchor the __________ to the ventricular wall.
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Chordae tendine
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What are the main branches of the left coronary artery?
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Circumflex and anterior interventricular.
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Give the correct path taken by blood through the left side of the heart.
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Pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aorta SL valve -> aorta
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During the cardiac cycle, the ____ valve ______ (opens, closes) when the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the right atrium.
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Tricuspid, opens
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Ventricular systole occurs in two phases. During the __________ phase, pressure rises in the left ventricule but blood is not ejected.
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Isovolumetric
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identify the correct sequence for the conduction of the action potential through the specialized conducting system of the heart.
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Sinoatrial Node -> Internodal pathway -> Atrioventricular Node -> Bundle of His (AV Bundle) -> Right and Left Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers -> ventricular myocardium.
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The pacemaker of the heart is the ___________.
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SA Node
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Which component of the intrinsic conduction system has the highest conduction velocity?
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Right and Left Bundle Branches
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The second heart sound (S2) is due to closure of which heart valves?
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Semilunar
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Describe the effects of the sympathetic innervation of the heart.
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Increases heart rate and increases contractile force developed by the ventricular myocardium.
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What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram represent?
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Ventricular repolarization
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The primary factor which regulates vascular resistance (TPR) is __________.
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Vessel radius
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mean arterial pressure = cardiac output X __________.
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Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
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What is the primary factor controlling velocity of blood flow when flow rate (Q) is constant?
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The cross-sectional area of the vessel.
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Vagus nerve stimulation of the heart would likely produce what effect?
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Bradycardia
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Which vascular component of the cardiovascular system provides the site for fluid exchange with the tissue fluids (interstitual fluids) of the body?
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Capillaries
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Mean arterial pressure increases when _________ increases.
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Heart rate
Stroke volume Vascular resistance |
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Blood flow in the venous system requires additional mechanisims to maintain flow due to the low pressure in veins. Which mechanisms assist venous return flow?
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Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory (Inspiratory) pump One-way valves |
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When mean arterial pressure is above normal, carotid and aortic baroreceptors __________ sensory signals to the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata. The vasomotor center _________ the output of the sympathetic merves to the arterioles which causes the arterioles to _________. In addition, cardiac nerve impulses from the cardiac accelerator nerves to the heart __________.
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Increase, decrease, dilate, decrease.
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Long-term regulation of blood pressure is managed by hormonal regulatory mechanisms. For each of the given hormones identify the overall effect of the hormone's action as:
A. Increases blood pressure B. Decreases blood pressure C. Has no effect on blood pressure |
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone- B
Anti-Diuretic Hormone- A Renin- A Aldosterone- A |