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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
efferent neurons
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neurons that send action potentials from the CNS to the effector organs
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afferent neurons
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neurons that send action potentials from the receptors to the CNS
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The efferent division of the PNS can be split into what two systems?
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The SMNS (somatic motor nervous system) and the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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Note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to effectors
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the SMNS controls skeletal muscles while the ANS controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
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note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to voluntary control
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the SMNS controls voluntary motions while the ANS is involuntary (it can be affected by conscious thought, but not controlled by it)
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note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to neuron arrangement
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the SMNS sends signals to the effectors by means of a single neuron whose cell body is housed in the CNS but extends to the effector from the spinal cord. The ANS sends signals to the effectors by means of two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron
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preganglionic neuron
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a neuron from the ANS whose cell body is housed in either the spinal cord of the brainstem
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postganglionic neuron
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a neuron from the ANS whose cell body is housed in the autonomic ganglion, and whose axon extends to the effector which it controls
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autonomic ganglion
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a ganglion of the ANS which houses the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
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note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to myelination
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in the SMNS, the neurons' axons are myelinated. In the ANS, the preganglionic neurons' axons are myelinated, but the postganglionic neurons' axons are not
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note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to neurotransmitters
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The SMNS uses acetylcholine alone. The ANS uses acetylcholine for the preganglionic neurons, but norpinephrine for the postganglionic neurons.
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note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to the response from the effectors
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the SMNS is an excitatory system. The ANS can be either an excitatory or an inhibitory system.
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acetylcholine
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the neurotransmitter used by the SMNS and the preganglionic neurons of the ANS
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norepinephrine
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the neurotransmitter used by the postganglionic neurons of the ANS
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Sympathetic division
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division of the ANS that generally prepares the body for physical activity
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parasympathetic division
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division of the ANS that regulates resting and nutrition-related functions such as digestion, defecation, and urination
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note the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions concerning neuron length
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in the sympathetic division, the preganglionic neuron is short, while the postganglionic neuron is long
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note the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions concerning preganglionic neuron cell body housing
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in the sympathetic division, the cell bodies are housed in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, while in the parasympathetic division, the cell bodies are housed in the brainstem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord
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note the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions concerning neuron location
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in the sympathetic division, nerves can be found all over the body, while in the parasympathetic division, nerves are only found in the head and trunk
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explain ANS control of the heart
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S increases heart rate, P decreases heart rate
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explain ANS control of the bronchial tubes
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S causes the tubes to increase in diameter, P causes them to decrease in diameter
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explain ANS control of the digestive system
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S slows the activity while P increases the activity
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explain ANS control of the salivary glands
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P causes more saliva to be secreted, while S causes less to be secreted
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explain ANS control of vision
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S dilates the pupil, P contracts the pupil
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explain ANS control of urination
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P contracts the bladder, S relaxes the bladder so it can fill
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explain ANS control of the lacrimal glands
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P produces tears
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explain ANS control of the liver
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S stimulates the liver to increase the amount of glucose in the blood, giving quick energy to the body
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explain ANS control of the skin
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S constricts the skin and causes the arrector pili muscles to contract
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explain ANS control of the adrenal glands
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S causes the adrenal glands in the kidneys to produce and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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hormones. Epinephrine causes the liver to secrete glucose and dilates the blood vessels in the skeletal muscles. They both cause the heart rate to increase.
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fight or flight response
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the response to fear marked by increased hearted rate, glucose in the blood, and activated adrenal glands
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* sensory receptor
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an organ which responds to a specific type of stimulus by ultimately triggering an action potential on a sensory neuron
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* somatic receptors
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sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons
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* receptors
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sensory receptors in the internal organs
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* special receptors
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sensory receptors in special locations
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* mechanoreceptors
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sensory receptors which respond to movement
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* theromreceptors
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sensory receptors which respond to heat or cold
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* photoreceptors
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sensory receptors which respond to light
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* chemoreceptors
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sensory receptors which respond to chemicals
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* nociceptors
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sensory receptors which respond to pain or excess stimulation
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simple receptors
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small receptors often distributed widely throughout the body
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complex receptor
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a receptor that governs one of the five special senses
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what are the five special senses?
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taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision
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appropriate stimulus
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the type of stimulus which a sensory receptor is designed to sense
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projection
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this tells us where a receptor is sensing a stimulus
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modality
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this tells us what type of receptor is sensing a stimulus
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adaption
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a receptor adapts by sending less signals if a stimulus continues for a very long time
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general senses
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the senses located in the skin, muscle, or tendons
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* cutaneous receptors
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receptors in the skin
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* proprireceptors
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receptors in the muscles and tendons
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List the six cutaneous receptors listed in the book
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free nerve endings, hair follicle receptors, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's organs, Merkel's disks, and Meissner's corpuscles
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free nerve endings
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nerves rise the top of the skin and branch out. They sense hear, cold, movement, itch, and pain
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hair follicle receptors
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a receptor which is wrapped around the hair follicle
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Pacinian corpuscles
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tiny, onion-shaped receptors that respond to pressure and vibration deep below the dermis
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Ruffini's organs
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found deep in the dermis, they respond to both presure on the skin and stretching of the skin
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Merkel's disks
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light touch receptors found in the most superficial layers of the skin and shaped like tiny disks
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Meissner's corpuscles
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receptors found in the dermal papillae which are involved in two-point discrimination
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list the two proprireceptors listed in the book
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muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
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muscle spindles
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mechanoreceptors found within the skeletal muscles which respond to stretching
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golgi tendon organs
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receptors in tendons that respond to tension
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