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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Goals of Treating Psychological Disorders |
- Help change maladaptive thoughts, feelings and behaviours |
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Resources of Therapy |
- Psychologists - Psychiatrists - Psychological Associates - Counsellors - Social Workers - Therapists |
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Psychodynamic Therapies |
- Underlying Assumption - Tensions between unconscious impulses and the current constraints of life - Freud's Therapy - Explore unconscious motivations and conflicts - Conflicts between Id and Superego - Goal: Creat harmony in the system - How: Make you aware of Id - Reduces compliance with superego - Gives more Strength to Ego |
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Free Association |
- Uncensored - Verbal stream of thoughts, feelings or images that enter awareness - Assumption - Free associations are predetermined not random - Analyst tracks associations |
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Resistance |
- Therapist expects client to try and maintain status quo - Defensive Maneuvers - Unwillingness or inability to approach or discuss certain topics Is a sign that anxiety - arousing material is bring approached - Analyst tries to break down resistance - Enables patient to face painful ideas desires and experiences |
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Dream Interpretation |
- "Royal Road to the unconscious" - Dreams are meaningful - Manifest - visible, remembered - Latent, hidden, actual motives distinguished - Therapists helps client understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams |
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Catharsis |
- Patient encouraged to explore intense and strong feelings - feelings that they have repressed for fear of punishment/retaliation - Release called catharsis |
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Transference |
- Client responds irrationally to therapists like he/she was an important figure from the clients past - Positive - Feelings of affection, dependency, love - Negative - Irrational expressions of anger, hatred, disappointment |
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Transference and the Analyst |
- Difficult task for the analyst - Handle emotional experience - delicate balance - power difference and vulnerability - Have to help patient to interpret feelings and the source from earlier experiences (childhood) |
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Interpersonal Therapy |
- Focuses almost exclusively on clients current relationships with important people in their lives - Sees social relationships, acceptance and respect as critical |
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Humanistic Therapies in General |
- Theory behind the therapy - "whole" person is a continual process of change - Despite limitations of genes and environment person has "freedom to choose" - Conscious control of behaviour - With choices comes responsibility/accountability |
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What does a Psychotherapist do |
- Discover your freedom - Value Experiencing yourself - Value the richness of the moment - Cultivate Individuality - Realize full potential |
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Gestalt Therapy |
- Goal: Bring feelings, wishes and thoughts into immediate awareness - Awareness makes client "whole" again - Key figure Frederick Perls - Methods -Often carried out in groups - Active and dramatic approaches - Empty chair technique - Role - Play |
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Client Centered Therapy |
- Goal: Promote healthy psychological growth in the individual - Assumptions: All people have the potential to self actualize - What goes wrong: Evaluations of others become more important than self evaluations - When there is a conflict between positive self image and negative external criticism, this leads to anxiety and unhappiness - Therapist removes barriers to allow client to achieve self actualization - Unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuinely |
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Cognitive Therapies |
- Goal: Change problem feeling and behaving by changing the way a client thinks about significant life experiences - Assumptions: What people feel and do start with how people think - Therapists identify irrational and self - defeating thought patterns - Help clients discover and change Cognitions that underlie problems |
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Ellis' Rational Emotional Therapy |
- Comprehensive system of change in behaviours actions and emotions - People hold beliefs that cause problems to be seen or interpreted in the world - Irrational thoughts lead to abnormal behaviour - Therapists must help clients break through the person's close kindness and replace irrational thoughts |
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Behavioural Therapies |
- Maladaptive behaviours are the problem not the symptom - Problem behaviors are learned - Maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through classical or operant conditioning |
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Aversion Therapy |
- Condition an aversion to a CS - CS paired with noxious UCS - Creat anxiety/ aversive response |
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Token Economies |
- Strengthen desired behaviours - Tokens given for desired behaviours - Tokens exchanged for tangible reinforcers |
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Modelling and social skills training |
- Modelling approach - Learning Skills by observing and imitating model who performs a socially skillful behaviour |
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Meditation |
- Control conscious experience - Move from outer experience to inner - Deep relaxation - Most common involves deep concentration focal point - clear mind - Physiological and Psychological effects |
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Biological Approaches |
- Emphasize Biological Factors - Drugs, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Psychosurgery - Drug therapies - Psychopharmacology - Study how drugs affect cognitions |
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Drug Groups for major Disorders |
- Antidepressant - Antipsychotic - Antianxiety - Mood stabilizers |
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How do Drugs Achieve Their Goal |
- Target neurotransmitters - They affect wether - Neurotransmitters are available - Available neurotransmitters will cross synaptic clef - Reuptake can occur |
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Tricyclics |
- Goal: Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin - Method: Minimize Reuptake |
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors |
- Goal: Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin - Method: inhibits breakdown, increase availability |
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SSRI |
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - Goal and method: Block the reuptake of serotonin - Mild side effects - More rapid |
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Antidepressants: Side effects |
- Tricyclics and MOI - have more side effects - Sleep, blood pressure/ heart rate, dry mouth, memory, constipation - SSRI has less (Insomnia, Nausea, Sexual Dysfunction) |
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Anti Anxiety Drugs |
- Different drugs address different anxieties - Tranquilizers - Fast acting, short lived - Side effects (dependence) |
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Drug Treatments |
- Do not "cure" disorders - Do not teach client problem solving skills or coping skills to deal with stress - Can bring symptoms under control and other therapeutic techniques can be incorporated - Many fail to maintain drug regimen |
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Psychological and Biological Treatment Similarities |
- Both treatments affect brain functioning - PET scans - Both psychotherapy and Drug Therapy showed similar changes in blood flow for 3 brain areas |
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Electroconvulsive Therapies |
- Schizophrenia and Epilepsy rarely occur together - Seizure induction - helps schizophrenia - Useful in treating severe, persistent depression - If risk of suicide - Effects can be immediate - 60-70% prone - Procedure: Patient given sedative and muscle relaxant, placed on well padded mattress, short shock, causing seizure of CNS |
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Criticisms of ECT |
- Possibility of memory loss - Possibility of permanent brain damage - Currently #of treatment is limited - MRI scans reveal no brain damage |
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Psychosurgery |
- Method of last resort - Procedures that remove or destroy parts of the brain - Least used of biomedical procedures - Permanent |
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Lobotomy (Prefrontal/Frontal) |
- Destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes - When? - Severe agitation, violence, dangerous - Outcome - placid action reduced, intelligent |