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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 Function of the Circulatory system? |
1. Transportation --> Nutrients, Respiratory gases, metabolites 2. Regulation --> Hormones and temp 3. Protection --> Clotting and Immunity |
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Blood volumes Male: _______ Liters Female: _______ Liters |
Males: 5-6 Liters Females: 4-5 Liters |
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What is Hematocrit? Percents in Males: ____ Females: _____ |
Hematocrit --> percentage of blood volume that consists of RBCS Males: 42-52% Females: 37-4% |
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What are the 3 main Plasma proteins? |
1. Albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen |
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Function of Albumin |
Produced by the liver to provide osmotic pressure needed to bring in water from surrounding tissues into the capillaries |
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Function of Fibrinogen |
Important clotting factor made by the liver |
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Tell me about Hemoglobin in Erythrocytes |
Also known as RBCs, contains 280 million Hemoglobin molecules --> each with 4 protein chains called globins --> each bound to a heme that combines with oxygen Erythrocytes originate from the Bone marrow |
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Production of RBCs |
Controlled by Hormones Deficiency of Oxygen in the cells causes the kidneys to release erythropoietin which causes RBC production in Bone marrow RBCs live for 120 days and are removed from the blood by the spleen to be degraded |
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Types of Leukocytes |
1. Granular Leukocytes (BEN) --> Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils 2. Agranular Leukocytes --> Lymphocytes, and Monocytes |
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What do each type of Leukocyte do? |
Basophils --> Release Histamine for inflammation Eosinophils --> turn off allergic responses and kills Paracites Neutrophils --> Phagocize Bacteria Lymphocytes --> Create an immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or with antibodies (B cells) Monocytes --> Phagocytosis, become macrophages when it gets into tissue |
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Lymphocytes |
-Compose 20-45% of WBC -Most important cell of Immune system --> Fights infectious organisms --> act against foreign antigen |
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What are the two main classes of Lymphocytes? |
-T cells --> Attack foreign cells directly -B cells --> become plasma cells that secrete antibodies |
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Monocytes |
-Compose of 4-8% of WBCs -Largest Leukocytes -Phagocytic with a kidney shaped nucleus -Transform into Macrophages |
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Platets |
-Also known as Thrombocytes -Function is to Clot blood --> releases serotonin --> stimulates constriction of blood vessel to reduce blood flow to injured area -Also secrete growth factors and autocrine regulators |
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Hematopoiesis |
HP gives rise to blood cells from the yolk sac of human embryo --> migrate to liver of fetus --> stem cells then migrate to Bone Marrow *Bone Marrow produces all of the different types of Blood cells* |
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Erythropoieses |
The formation of Erythrocytes (RBCs) |
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Leukopoiesis |
Formation of Leukocytes |
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Erythropoiesis and Leukopoiesis occur in two classes of tissues after birth .... |
Myeloid --> Red bone marrow of long bones, Sternum, Pelvis, bodies of vertebrae --> Makes only T and B cells Lymphoid --> Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus --> makes everything else! |
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Stages of differentiation of Blood cells |
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Where do all blood cells originate from? |
All blood cells originate from the Bone Marrow!!! All from the Blood Stem Cell Lymphoid Stem cells --> develop to lymphocytes Myeloid Stem Cells --> give rise to all other blood cells |
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The production of RBCs and synthesis of Hb cepend on: |
Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid |
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Disorders in the Genesis of erythrocytes |
-Iron deficiency anemia -Pernicious anemia --> Vitamin B12 deficiency -Aplastic anemia --> due to destruction of Bone Marrow by chemicals or radiation |
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Formation of Leukocytes |
-Granulocytes --> from Myeloblasts -Monocytes --> from Monoblasts -Platelets --> from Megakaryoblasts |
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Polycythemia |
Abnormal Excess of erythrocytes |
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What is anemia? What are the 3 types? |
Anemia --> Erythocyte/Hemoglobin levels are low Normocytic anemia --> Blood loss Microcytic anemia --> Iron deficiency Macrocytic anemia --> Vitamin B12 or Folate deficiency |
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Sickle cell Disease |
-Inherited disease -Defective Hb Molecule --> Hemoglobin S, Normally is Hemoglobin A -Erythrocytes distort --> Sickle shape |
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Leukemia? and types? |
-Cancer of the Blood cells -Starts in BM --> makes lots of abnormal WBCs -Acute, Chronic, -Lymphoblastic --> Lymphocytes are affected --> high number of Mature Lymphocytes -Myelogenous --> Myelocytes are affected --> High number of immature and mature Myelocytes |
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Thrombopenia |
Abnormally low concentration of platelets |
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Blood throughout life |
- First blood cells develop in earliest blood vessels -Second month --> Liver and spleen take over flood cell formation -Month 7 --> Bone marrow takes over formation |
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Clinical signs and symptoms of Sickle cell Disease |
Anemia --> sickel cells are destroyed rapidly --> Low RBC levels **Crisis --> Painful epidosdes for hours or days -Jaundice, and pigment gallstones -Fatigue, bone pain, Fever, rapid HR |
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Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease |
-Supplements of Folic Acid -Antibiotics and vaccines to prevent bacterial infections |
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Symptoms of Leukemia |
Fever and Night sweats Headache Bleeding easily Bone/joint pain Weakness Loss of weight Swollen lymph nodes Easily infected |
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Treatment of leukemia |
1. Chemotherapy to kill Leukemia cells --> Anti-cancer drugs 2. Interferon Alpha therapy --> slows the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote immune systems anti-leukemia activity 3. Radiatioin therapy --> Kills cancer cells by high energy radiation 4. Stem cell transplantation --> to allow treatment of high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy |
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Blood vessels have 3 layers (tunics): |
Tunica Externa --> connective tissue Tunica Media --> sheets of smooth muscle Tunica Intimida --> simple squamous epithelium Lumen --> Space inside blood vessel |
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3 types of Arteries: |
1. Elastic Arteries --> Largest arteries --> Aka conducting arteries 2. Muscular (distributing) Arteries 3. Arterioles --> smalles arteries --> highest resistance in CVS, regulated by ANS *Arteries thick walls --> stress volume* |
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Veins |
-Lower pressure than Arteries -Tunica Externa is the thickest tunic -veins in limbs have valves -highest proportion of blood in CVS -have Alpha 1 receptors |
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Capillaries |
-Smalles blood vessels -RBCs pass in single filej -largest total cross-sectional and surface area -Sinusoids --> Wide, leaky capillares in spleen and liver -Low permeable capillareis --> Blood brain barrier --> only O2, CO2, and some anesthetics |
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What ventricle has the largest and strongest chamber in the heart? |
Left Ventricle --> pumps to the entire body so it needs to be big |
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Heart valves: |
"32" Four of them: -Tricuspid (RA/RV) -Pulmonary (RV/Lungs) -Bicuspid/Mitral (LA/LV) -Aortic (LV/Body) |
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Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation |
Carry oxygen from the Heart --> Body --> Heart again (Deoxygenatied) Deoxygenatied blood from Heart --> Lung --> Heart |
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Where are Alpha 1 and Beta 2 receptors found? |
Arterioles Alpha 1 --> arterioles of the skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations Beta 2 --> Arterioles of skeletal muscle |
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Velocity of Blood flow formula |
V=Q/A v=velocity (cm/sec) Q-Blood flow (mL/min) A= Cross-sectional area (cm2) velocity is directly proportional --> blood flow INdirectly proportional --> Cross sectional area |
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Blood flow velocity at aorta and capillaries? |
Aorta --> High Capillaries --> Low, due to high cross sectional area |
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Blood flow formula |
Q=(Delta)P/R Q=cardiac output (mL/min) (Delta)P= Pressure difference (mmHg) R=Resistance (mmHg/mL/min) *Lower resistiance = higher blood flow |
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Resistance equation (Poiseuille's) |
R= (8nL)/(pi r4) R=Resistance n=Viscosity of blood L=Length of blood vessel r4= radius of blood vessel to fourth power |
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Capacitance (compliance) of blood vessels formula |
C=V/P C=capacitance or compliance (mL/mmHg) V=Volume (mL) P=Pressure (mmHg) *much greater in Veins than Arteries *Decreases with age --> vessels become stiffer |
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Average pressure in systemic circulation |
Aorta --> 100 mmHg Arterioles --> 50 mmHg (biggest decrease --> since high resistance) Capillaries --> 20 mmHg Vena cava --> 4 mmHg |
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What is Blood pressure? What is Systolic and Diastolic pressure? |
Blood pressure --> force exerted by circulating blood on walls of blood vessels Systolic --> Highest Arterial pressure --> measured after heart contracts (stress) and blood is ejected Diastolic --> Lowest Arterial pressure --> measured when heart is relaxed and filling with blood |
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What is pulse pressure? |
The difference between systolic and Diastolic Pressures -Stroke volume is most determinant of Pulse Pressure -As age increases --> Pulse Pressure Increases --> since Capacitance decreases (stiffening) |
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Mean Arterial Pressure |
calculated as diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of Pulse pressure |
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Veins |
-Venous pressure --> very low -Have high capacitance --> can hold large volumes of blood |
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Arteries |
-Arterial Pressure --> Slightly lower than venous ressure |
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Primary or Essential Hypertension |
-Leads to increased total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) --> by inducing vasoconstriction or increased cardiac Output (CO) --> BP=CO x TPR (Resistance) -Cause: Abnormal Na+ transport or deficiency of Vasodilators --> prostagladin and Bradykinin |
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The sympathetic NS and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system can both increase .... |
Both increase CO and TPR --> causing Hypertension |
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Secondary Hypertension caused by |
Conditions that affect your kidneys, Arteries, heart and Endocrine system Can also occur during Pregnancy |
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Symptoms of Secondary Hypertension |
usually Asymptomatic Headache, fatigue, SOB, Nose bleeds, flushed face, Increased urination frequency, Nausea, Vomiting, Fatigue |
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5 drugs to treat High Blood Pressure |
1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors --> Captopril, Ramipril 2. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) --> Valsartan 3. Diuretics --> Hydrochlorothiazide 4. Calcium channel blockers --> Felodipine, Benidipine 5. Beta-Adrenergic blocking agents --. Propranolol |
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P wave Represents.... |
-Artrial Depolarization --> SA node depolarizes -Atrial repolarization --> QRS Complex |
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PR Interval .... |
-Represents time between atrial Depolarization and Ventricular Depolarization -Beginning of P to beginning of QRS complex |
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IF P-R interval is >0.2 seconds, what does it indicate? |
AV Conduction block |
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QRS complex represents.... |
Ventricular depolarization |
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If the QRS complex is prolonged, > 0.1 sec, there is a .... |
conduction impairment within the ventricles -Bundle branch block -Ventricular foci becomes the pacemaker of the ventricles --> its a abnormal pacemaker site |
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Ectopic foci are.... |
Abnormal pacemaker sites inside the heart --> but outside the SA Node -Can result in --> increasing time of depolarization and QRS complex |
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ST segment Represents.... |
Represents period where the ventricles are completely depolarized
-ST segment Depression or Elevation --> Important in diagnosing Ventricular ischemia or Hypoxia |
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T Wave represents.... |
Represents Ventricular Repolarization --> longer in duration than depolarization |
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If an inverted U wave, after a T wave, is inverted or prominent there may be.... |
A condition that is afecting Repolarization |
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QT Interval represents |
The time for BOTH Ventricular depolarization and Repolarization to occur --> Estimating the duration of an average ventricular action potential |
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At high heart rates, ______ ______ _________ can shorten in duration, which ______ QT intervals |
At high heart rates, Ventricular Action Potentials can shorten in duration, which Decreases QT Intervals |
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Prolonged QT intervals can diagnose... |
Tachyarrhythmias |
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Cardiac Action potentials have a resting membrane potential of.... |
(-)90mV |
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Phase 0 of Ventricles, Atria and Purkinje system |
-Upstroke of an action potential --> caused by increase in Na+ into cell |
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Phase 1of Ventricles, Atria and Purkinje system |
-Brief period of initial repolarization --> caused by movement of K+ ions out the cell |
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Phase 2 of Ventricles, Atria, and Purkinje System |
-Flattening of Action potential --> Caused by Ca2+ into cell and K+ out of cell, becoming equal. |
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Phase 3 of Ventricles, Atria, and Purkinje system |
Repolarization --> Caused by increasing K+ outwardly dominating that hyperpolarizes |
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Phase 4 of Ventricles, Atria, and Purkinje system |
-Resting membrane potential --> caused by Inward and outward current being equal --> membrane potential = K, the equilibrium potential |
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Sinoatrial Node |
Normally the pacemaker of the heart --> has an unstable resting potential |
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Phase 0 of SA Node |
- upstroke of action potential --> caused by increase of Ca2+ conductance driving up the membrane potential |
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Phase 3 of SA Node |
-Replarization --> caused by increasing K+ conductance --> K+ flows out of cell |
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Phase 4 of SA Node |
-Slow Depolarization --> this makes the SA node automatic --> Caused by increasing Na+ into cell |
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Are there Phase 1 and 2 in the SA Node? |
NO!!! they don't exist in SA node action potentials |
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AV Node |
Upstroke of Action potential in AV node is caused by --> inward Ca2+ into cell *Just like the SA Node* |
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What is Conduction Velocity? |
-Time required for excitation to spread through cardiac tissue Fastest --> Purkinje system Slowest --> AV node --> to allow time for ventricles to fill up before contracting if AV velocity is increased --> Ventricular filling is compromised |
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Conduction velocity depends on... |
Depends on size of inward current during upstroke --> the larger the inward, the higher the conduction velocity |
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Excitability is.... |
The ability of cardiac cells to initiate action potentials in response to inward depolarization |
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Absolute Refractory Period (ARP) |
-No action potential can be started, NONE AT ALL |
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Effective Refractory Period (ERP) |
Conducted action potential can't be created |
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Relative Refractory Period (RRP) |
Action potential can be made --> but needs big inward current -Occurs at end of absolute refractory period until -70mV (replolarized) |