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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in?
|
Brain
Bacterial abscesses Pleural effusion |
|
Coagulative necrosis occurs in?
|
Heart
Liver Kidney |
|
Fatty necrosis occurs in?
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Pancreas (lipases)
Breast (traumatic/non-enzymatic) |
|
What happens if fas ligand is mutated?
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SLE-like condition develops
(impaired apoptosis) |
|
Fas receptor?
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CD95
- binds Fas ligand |
|
Hemorrhagic infarcts occur in?
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Loose tissues/collateral supply:
- Liver - Lungs - Intestine or following reperfusion |
|
Pale infarcts occur in?
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Solid tissues/single blood supply:
- Heart - Kidney - Spleen |
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Term for reduction in size vs number of cells?
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Reduced size: autophagy
Reduced #: apoptosis |
|
What is brown atrophy?
|
Lipofuscin accumulation (in lysosomes)
- often occurs in hearts of elderly people |
|
Factors that inhibit restoration of normal structure following inflammation?
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Infection, DM, low protein, vitamin C, Zn, or Cu deficiency, glucocorticoids
|
|
Reversible changes in cell injury?
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Decreased ATP synthesis
Cellular swelling (impaired Na/K pump) Nuclear chromatin clumping Decreased glycogen Fatty change Ribosomal detachment (decreased protein synthesis) |
|
Causes of decreased ESR?
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Sickle cell
Polycythemia CHF |
|
Causes of increased ESR?
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Pregnancy
Malignancy Inflammation Infection SLE Anemia |
|
Granulomatous diseases?
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TB
Leprosy Sarcoidosis Berylliosis Cat scratch fever Fungal infections (histo) Syphilis Crohn's disease |
|
What aspect of leukocyte extravasation do IL-1 and TNF affect?
|
Stimulate rolling and tight binding of neutrophils
|
|
What inhibits LFA-1 (integrin) binding to ICAM-1?
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Catecholamines, steroids, lithium
- all inhibit tight binding |
|
Mechanisms to eliminate free radicals?
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Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, spontaneous decay, antioxidants (vit A, C, E), selenium
|
|
Ways that free radicals damage cells?
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Membrane lipid peroxidation
Protein modification DNA breakage |
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Causes of free radical formation?
|
Radiation exposure
Metabolism of drugs (phase I) Redox reactions (xanthine oxidase) Nitric oxide Transition metals Leukocyte oxidative burst |
|
What does CCl4 lead to?
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Liver necrosis (fatty change)
|
|
Zone in liver of acetaminophen toxicity?
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Zone III is worst
(most CYP, NAPQI) |
|
Gene changes necessary for metastasis?
|
Decreased cadherin
Increased laminin, integrin receptors |
|
Enzymes needed for cancer cell to invade BM?
|
Collagenases and hydrolases
|
|
Source of amyloid in senile cardiac amyloidosis?
|
Transthyretin (AF)
|
|
Beta2 microglobulin amyloid is formed from what in what situation?
|
Formed from MHC Class I protein and is dialysis associated
|
|
Serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein does what?
|
Can form AA amyloid in chronic inflammatory disease (form of secondary amyloidosis)
|
|
Metastases to brain?
|
Lung
Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney GI (colon) |
|
Metastases to liver?
|
Colon
Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
|
Metastases to bone?
|
Prostate
Thyroid Testes Breast Lung Kidney |
|
Carcinoma is derived from what?
|
Epithelial origin (endo or ectoderm)
- squamous, glandular, or transitional |
|
Reversible "plasia"s?
|
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia Dysplasia (ana/neo/desmo are irreversible) |
|
What types of tissue resist invasion by tumor cells?
|
Cartilage and elastic tissue
|
|
Actions of E6 and E7 in HPV?
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E6 inhibits TP53
E7 inhibits Rb |
|
Besides Kaposi's sarcoma, what other malignancy can HHV-8 cause?
|
Body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
|
|
Cancers that can make ACTH?
|
Small cell lung cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer |
|
Cancers that can make PTHrP?
|
Squamous cell lung cancer
Renal cell carcinoma Breast carcinoma - also make TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1 (can lead to lytic lesions in bone) |
|
Tumors that can make EPO?
|
Renal cell carcinoma
Hemangioblastoma HCC Pheochromocytoma |
|
Li Fraumeni syndrome: mutation and chromosome?
|
p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation
Chromosome 17p |
|
Tumor suppressor gene mutated in melanoma and chromosome?
|
p16 (9p)
|
|
Rb and p53 chromosomes?
|
Rb (13q)
p53 (17p) |
|
Bombesin: marker for?
|
Neuroblastoma, lung, gastric cancer
|
|
S-100: marker for?
|
Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
|
|
Breast cancer marker?
|
CA 15-3
|
|
CD45 is a marker for?
|
Malignant lymphoma
|
|
Tumors that can produce CEA?
|
Colorectal and pancreatic
- also gastric, breast, thyroid medullary cancer |
|
Tuberous sclerosis neoplasm associations?
|
Astrocytoma
Angiomyolipoma Cardiac rhabdomyoma |
|
Paget's disease neoplasm associations?
|
Secondary osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
|
|
Radiation exposure neoplasm risk?
|
Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer
|
|
Tyrosine kinase oncogenes?
|
erb-B2 (breast, ovarian, gastric cancer)
abl (CML) ret (MEN II) |
|
Product of c-kit gene?
|
Cytokine receptor
- gain of function in GIST |
|
sis gene and associated cancer?
|
Growth factor synthesis
- osteosarcoma, astrocytoma |
|
Vinyl chloride effect?
|
Liver angiosarcoma
|
|
Effects of arsenic?
|
Skin and lung SCC, liver angiosarcoma
|
|
Alkylating agent malignancy risks?
|
Leukemia and malignant lymphoma
|
|
Transudate causes, characteristics, and Light's Criteria for transudate.
|
Hypocellular
protein poor Due to: inc hydrostatic pressure, dec oncotic pressure; Na+ retention; liver failure, heart failure, or kidney failure Light's Criteria: fluid LDH/serum LDH <0.6, fluid protein/serum <0.5, and sp. gravity <1.012 |
|
Desmoplasia
|
fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
|