Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
208 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neural Crest Derivatives?
10 |
1) Adrenal Meduall
2) Ganglia (Sensory + Autonomic) 3) Pigment Cells (Melanin) 4) Schwann Cells 5) Meninges (Pia + Arachnoid) 6) Pharyngeal Arches 7) Odontoblasts 8) Parafollicular (C) Cells 9) Aorticopulmonar Septum 10) Endocardial Cushions |
|
Asymptomatic defect in vertebtral arches
|
Spina Bifida Occulta
|
|
Meninges project through the vertebral defect
|
Spina Bifida w/ Meningocele
|
|
What Labx do you ask for in Spina Bifida?
|
Alfa-feto protein (increased)
|
|
What happens in meningmyelocele?
|
Meninges and spinal cord project through vertebral defect
|
|
What are the FOUR sympathetic ganglions?
|
1) Superior Cervical Ganglion
2) Middle Cervcial 3) Vertebral 4) Cervicothoracic |
|
What level does the Lateral Horn of the Sympathetic system comprises?
|
T1-L2
|
|
What are the Four cranial ganglia of the Parasympathetic System?
|
1) Ciliary ganglion
2) Submandibular 3) Pterygopalatine 4) Otic |
|
What cranial nerves are Parasympathic?
|
1) III
2) VII 3) IX 3,7,9 |
|
What controls the foregut and midgut in the parasympathetic?
|
Vagus X, at terminal ganglia
|
|
What Parasympathetic controls the Hindgut?
|
Pelvic Splachnic Nerves S2-S4
|
|
Ciliary Ganglion controls what CN and muscle?
|
Parasymp. CN III
Ciliary m. |
|
Submandibular galgion controlled by?
|
Parasymp. CN VI
Submandibular and sublingual glands |
|
Pterygopalatine ganglion is in control of?
|
Parasymp.
Lacrimal glands Nasal Oral CN VII |
|
Otic Ganglion controls what?
|
Parasymp. CV IX
Parotid Gland |
|
Decrease in Alfa-feto Protein in Pregnancy equals?
|
Down Syndrome
|
|
Forebrain TEL
DI Midbrain MES Hindbrain MET MI |
Telencephalon
Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencepahol Myelencephalon |
|
Telecephalon? CNS Structure + what ventricle is formed?
|
Cerebral Hemis. Lat. Ventri
|
|
Diecephalo? makes what structure in CNS and what Ventricles?
|
Thalamus, Pineal Third Vent
Gland, neurohypo physis, hypotha- lamus, retina |
|
Mesencephalon? CNS/Ventricle
|
Midbrain Cerebral Acued.
|
|
Metencephalon
|
PONS Cerebellum 4th Ventri
|
|
Myelencephalon
|
Medulla 4th Ventri
|
|
Who makes the PONS Bridge?
|
Mesencephalon
|
|
What makes Craniopharyngiomas?
|
Remannts of Rathke's Pouch that compress optich chiasm
|
|
Anterograde movement by?
|
Kinesin
|
|
Retograde movement in CNS?
|
Dyenin
|
|
These viruses affect retrograde movement?
|
Herpes
Polio Rabie Tetanus |
|
Oligodendrocyte vs Schwan?
|
Oligo can myelinate more than 1 cell, sometimes up to 50 cells!
|
|
Hair cells are derived from what layer?
|
Ectoderm
|
|
Substantia Nigra derives from with plate? Alar or Basal?
|
Basal
|
|
Polyhydramnios caused by?
|
Anencephaly
|
|
Oligohydramnios?
|
Potter's Syndrome (Bilateral Renal Agenesis), Oligohydramnios causes limb deformities and pulmonary hipoplasia
|
|
What connects the lateral ventricles?
|
Foramen of Monroe (Mon Roe)
|
|
What connects the 3rd ventricle with the 4th?
|
Acueduct of Sylvius
|
|
What connects the ventricles and the subarachnoid space? And where is this located?
|
Located in the 4th ventricle
Three openings: 1) Two Lateral formaina of Luschka 2) Median foramina of Magendie |
|
Normal pH of CSF?
|
7.33
|
|
CSF has higher concentrations of ____ than blood?
|
Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3- and glucose
|
|
How are protein levels in CSF compared to blood?
|
Lower
|
|
How are Sodium levesl in CSF compared to blood?
|
Same about 138 mEq/L
|
|
Are PMN normal in CSF?
|
No!!! Bacterial Meningitis
|
|
What does it mean when there is an increase in protein in CSF?
|
Possibly a CNS tumor
|
|
Define Hydrocephalus?
|
Increase in volume (excess) or pressure of CSF producing ventricular dilation
|
|
Communicating Hydrocephalus
What are the underlying causes? |
It is due to oversecretion of CSF by:
1) Choroid Plexus Papilloma 2) Tumor in Subarachnoid space 3) Meningitis (limits absorption into superior saggital sinus) |
|
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
|
undersecretion/ obstruction of CSF flow
1)tumor blocking foramen Monro, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle or Fomanina Magendie or Lushka. |
|
Mechanism of Normal Pressure hydrocephalus?
|
- CSF not absorbed by arachnoid villi
- ventricles enlarged - ventricles press agains cortex and skull |
|
Symptoms of NPH (normal pressure hydrocephalus)?
|
1) confusion
2) gait apraxia 3) urinary incontinence stiff legs, dementia confused with Alzheimer like magnetic feet stuck to the ground |
|
Blood-brain barrier regulated by what type of cells? What type of junctions?
|
- Tight Junctions in the capillary endothelium
- Astrocytes |
|
Where is CSF produced?
|
Choroid Plexus
|
|
What part of hypothalamus is controlled by sympathetic?
|
Posterior Hypothalamus...
remember to use your posterior to be sympathetic w/ someone |
|
Sympathetic Response? Think of the tiger chasing you
|
- Eyes open wide + pupil dilation (to see better)
- Perspire (to slip from it) - Hair Sticks up (to look ferocious) - Sphincters close (don't wanna go to the bathroom in the middle of the chase) - Increase HR - Epinephrine increase adrenalin - liver increase degradation of glycogen to glucose - pancreas increase glucagon decrease insulin - Stress causes diabetes! |
|
Horner Sx is an attack to sympathetic. What are the symptoms?
|
- Miosis enophthalmos
- pseudotosis - Anhydrosis (can't sweat) - lack of piloerection |
|
What kind of neurons does the ventral horn contains?
|
Motorneurons
|
|
What kind of neurons does the dorsal horn control?
|
Sensory neurons
|
|
What 2 motorneurons does the ventral horn have?
|
Alpha and Gamma
|
|
What do alpha motorneurons control?
|
skeletal muscle (extrafusal fibers)
|
|
What do gamma motorneurons control?
|
muscle spindle contractile intrafusal fibers
|
|
Neural Systems
|
3 Major Neural Systems
|
|
Motor Systems composed of?
|
1) Upper Motorneuron
2) Lower Motorneuron |
|
Where are the bodies of the upper motor neurons found?
|
1) Red nucleus
2) Reticular Formation 3) Lateral Vestibular Nuclei of the brain stem. 4) Cerebral Cortex (Most Important) |
|
What tract are the upper motor neurons run in?
|
Corticospinal Tract
|
|
Where is the motor cortex located in the brain? What lobe of the brain?
|
1) Precentral Gyrus of the Frontal Lobe
2) Premotor Area both 60% 3) 1ry + 2ry somatosensory cortical areas of parietal lobe 40% of fibers |
|
Where do corticospinal tract fibers exit the cerebral cortex?
|
In the Internal Capsule
|
|
Dorsal Horns transmit what type of stimulus?
|
Sensory
|
|
Ventral Horns transmit which type of stimulus?
|
Motor (Remember S&M)
|
|
What happens to the corticospianl tract at the lower medulla?
|
They cross the decussation of the pyramids continue contralaterally
|
|
Decorticate rigiditiy is caused by?
|
Lesions above the midbrain
|
|
A lesion below the midbrain causes what type of rigidity?
|
Decerebrate Rigidity
|
|
What reflexes are lost in an Upper Motorneuron Lesion?
Reversal of Reflexes |
1) Babinski Reflex (extension instead of flexion)
2) Abdominal Reflex Lost 3) Cremasteric Reflex Lost |
|
What are the two sensory systems?
|
1) Dorsal Column-Medial Meniscal System
2) Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) System |
|
Where is the 1st order neuron for the Sensory Systems?
|
Dorsal Root Ganglion (Pseudounipolar neuron)
|
|
Where is the 2nd order neuron?
|
- Starts in Brain stem or Spinal Cord before crossing
- it then crosses Second Order Always crosses |
|
Where is the 3rd order neuron?
|
Thalamus (T for Third)
It already has crossed to the other side |
|
What does the Dorsal Column-medial leminiscal system convey? (DC-ML)
|
Propioception and Stereoception
- sensory info. for discriminatory touch - joint position - vibratory - pressure sensation from trunk and limbs |
|
What type/class of fibers does the Dorsal Column (DC-ML) system have?
|
Class II or A-beta
|
|
Which part of the Dorsal Column is located medially? (Which Fasciculus)
|
Fasciculus Gracilis
|
|
What does the fasciculus gracilis control? (Closest to the midline)
|
Lower Extremities
- Remember that you are graceful when you walk - Also, gracilis muscle is on the medial aspect of the leg/thigh |
|
What part of the brainstem is the 2nd order neuron located?
|
Medulla
|
|
Does the second order neuron for sensory pathway cross the midline?
|
YES! It crosses... axon doesn't cross but dendrite and body crosses
|
|
Where do 2nd order Dorsal Column cells synapse?
|
Medulla
Nucleus Gracilis Nucleaus Cuneatus |
|
Where do 3rd order of the Dorsal Column-Medial Leminiscus System (DC-MLS) cells synapse?
|
Medial Leminiscus like its name
Part of the Thalamus in the Ventroposterolateral Nucleus (VPL) |
|
What does the fasciculus gracilis control? (Closest to the midline)
|
Lower Extremities
- Remember that you are graceful when you walk - Also, gracilis muscle is on the medial aspect of the leg/thigh |
|
What part of the brainstem is the 2nd order neuron located?
|
Medulla
|
|
Does the second order neuron for sensory pathway cross the midline?
|
NO! It crosses at the 3rd order neuron in the Thalamus
|
|
Where do 2nd order Dorsal Column cells synapse?
|
Medulla
Nucleus Gracilis Nucleaus Cuneatus |
|
Where do 3rd order of the Dorsal Column-Medial Leminiscus System (DC-MLS) cells synapse?
|
Medial Leminiscus like its name
Part of the Thalamus in the Ventroposterolateral Nucleus (VPL) |
|
Where is the 2nd order neuron?
|
Brain stem or Spinal Cord before crossing
|
|
Where is the 3rd order neuron?
|
Thalamus (T for Third)
It already has crossed to the other side |
|
What does the Dorsal Column-medial leminiscal system convey? (DC-ML)
|
Propioception and Stereoception
- sensory info. for discriminatory touch - joint position - vibratory - pressure sensation from trunk and limbs |
|
What type/class of fibers does the Dorsal Column (DC-ML) system have?
|
Class II or A-beta
|
|
Which part of the Dorsal Column is located medially? (Which Fasciculus)
|
Fasciculus Gracilis
|
|
Decorticate rigiditiy is caused by?
|
Lesions above the midbrain
|
|
A lesion below the midbrain causes what type of rigidity?
|
Decerebrate Rigidity
|
|
What reflexes are lost in an Upper Motorneuron Lesion?
Reversal of Reflexes |
1) Babinski Reflex (extension instead of flexion)
2) Abdominal Reflex Lost 3) Cremasteric Reflex Lost |
|
What are the two sensory systems?
|
1) Dorsal Column-Medial Meniscal System
2) Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) System |
|
Where is the 1st order neuron for the Sensory Systems?
|
Dorsal Root Ganglion (Pseudounipolar neuron)
|
|
Where can you find 2nd order neuron in the Dorsal Column pathway? What Nuclei?
|
Brainstem
- Medulla Nucleus Gracilis Nucelus Cuneatus |
|
What pathway crosses the midline in the sensory pathways?
|
The 2nd order neuron always crosses... need two lines to make a cross
|
|
Where is the 3rd order neuron located in the Dorsal Column Medial Leminiscus (DC-MLS) Pathway? Which nucleus?
|
Brainstem
- Thalamus - At the medial lemniscus like its name - It is found in the Ventroposterolateral Nucleus |
|
Where do the 3rd order Neurons project in the Dorsal Column Pathway?
|
To the ANTERIOR portion of the PARIETAL Lobe
- Primary somethetic (somatosensory) area - located in the Postcentral gyrus |
|
How do you determine a lesion to the Dorsal Column?
|
Loss of Joint sensation
- vibratory - pressure sensation - two-point discrimination - loss of the ability to identify characteristics of an object |
|
What is asterognosis?
|
Identify:
- shape - size - consistency - form of an object using the sense of TOUCH |
|
How do you diagnose Dorsal Column Pathway lesion?
|
ask patient to close his eyes and place feet together
- positive if patient sways - if patient sways with eyes open then the lesion/damage is at the cerebellum and not dorsal column |
|
What is another name for the Anterolateral System?
|
Spinothalamic Tract System
|
|
What does the Anterolateral System sense?
|
- pain
- temperature - crude touch sensations |
|
Via what fibers do the dorsal root ganglia enter the spinal cord?
|
Dorsal Root Fibers
- via A-Delta - Class III - Class IV |
|
What is the backup of the Corticospinal Tract Lesions?
|
The backup is that 20% of the fibers do not cross
- the conscious crosses unconscious doesn't cross |
|
What do direct fibers that do NOT cross controll?
|
They control proximal pathways giving function to the proximal extremities
|
|
What is a picture of a Monkey's Bottom w/ flowers?
|
Medulla Oblongata IX, X, XII
|
|
What is the function of a bipolar neuron?
|
They are responsible for special senses
- vision - smell - taste |
|
Function of a pseudounipolar neuron?
|
It is a scanning neuron
|
|
Where are 3ry (Tertiary) neurons of the Dorsal Column Systems located?
|
Thalamus (Remember T is for Third/Tertiary and Thalamus)
They cross |
|
What happens to all the lesions that are unilateral in the Spinal Cord or the Brain Stem?
|
They result in a contralateral loss of pain and temperature
|
|
Where is the 2nd Neuron located for the Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) System?
|
Dorsal HORN Gray Matter
|
|
What order neuron crosses in the Anterolateral AL-SpT tract?
|
2nd order neuron
|
|
Where do the axons of the 2nd order neuron enter?
|
Ventral White Commissure
|
|
Where does the analgesia begin after a lesion of the anterolateral/spinothalamic tract?
|
1 or 2 segments below the contralateral side of the lesion.
|
|
What information does the spinocerebellar pathways carry?
|
Unconscious propioceptive input from muscle spindles and GTOs to cerebellum
|
|
What two major spinocerebellar pathways are there?
|
Dorsal and Cuneocerebellar
(Dorsal and Ventral) |
|
Where are the 2nd order neuron from the Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract found?
(What nucleus) At what level? |
- Clarke Nucleus
- Spinal Cord level (T1-L2) |
|
Where are the bodies of the cuneocerebellar tact found? (What nucleus)
At what level? |
- External Cuneate Nucleus
- Medulla |
|
What information is gathered from the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway?
|
Input from lower extremities and lower trunk
|
|
What information is gathered by the Cuneocerebellar tracts?
|
Propioceptive input to the cerebellum from upper extremities and upper trunk
|
|
What disease atacks the Spinocerebellar tract?
|
Friederich's Ataxia
|
|
What form of inheritance is Friederich's Ataxia?
|
Autosomal Recessive
|
|
What are the symptoms in a hemisection of the spinal cord?
|
1) ipsilateral spastic paresis below injury
2) ipsilateral loss of joint position sense, tactile discrimination and vibratory sensations below lesion 3) contralateral loss of pain and temperature starting 1 or 2 segments below lesion |
|
What is another name for hemisection of the spinal cord?
|
Brown-Sequard Sx
|
|
What pathways are interrupted by a hemisection?
|
1) corticospinal
2) dorsal columns 3) spinothalamic (anterolateral) |
|
What spinal cord lesion is caused by Vitamin B12 Deficiency?
|
Subacute Combined Degeneration
|
|
What other Diseases cause Subacute Combined Degeneration (SCD)?
|
- Vitamin B12
- Pernicious Anemia - AIDS |
|
What pathway is damaged in Polio?
|
LMN
|
|
What pathway is damaged in Tabes Dorsalis?
|
Dorsal Column
|
|
What Pathway is damaged in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
|
- Corticospinal Tract
- LMN |
|
What pathways are damaged in Anterior Spinal Artery occulsion (ASA)?
|
- LMN
- Spinothalamic tract (SpTh) - Corticospinal tract (CST) - LMN Except Dorsal Column (DC) is spared |
|
What pathways are damaged in Subacute combined degeneration?
|
- Corticospinal Tract (CT)
- Dorsal Column - Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
What sign do we find on Dorsal Column lesion?
|
Romberg's Sign (+)
|
|
What tract is damaged in Syringomyelia?
|
- Spinothalamic (SpTh)
- LMN |
|
What is a late complication of Syringomyelia?
|
Horner Syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis)
|
|
What tracts are damaged in Hemisection: Brown-Sequard Sx?
|
- DC
- CST - SpTh - LMN All of them! If lesion is above T1 then Horner Sx. (Ipsilateral) |
|
Which side is affected in Horner Sx lesion at T1-T4?
Above T1? |
Contralateral side
Above T1 is ipsilateral side |
|
What happens in Vitamin B12 Def?
|
Demyelination of Spinal Cord Tracts
|
|
What tracts are affected by Vitamin B12 deficiency?
|
- Dorsal Columns (DC)
- Spinocerebellar Tracts - Corticospinal Tracts (CTS) |
|
Patient with paresthesias, bilateral spastic weakness, Babinksi sign and antibodies to intrinsic factor? Diagnosis Dx:?
|
Dx: Subacute combined degeneration
Intrinsic Factor is deficient and wont let the ileum absorb Vitamin B12 |
|
How are Multiple Sclerosis, Vitamin B 12 deficiency and Subacute Combined Degeneration similar?
|
They are all conditions where CNS is demyelinated
|
|
What cells are within the white matter of spinal cord?
|
Oligodendrocytes
- they create the myelin for all axons inside the CNS and tracts of white matter |
|
What tract is injured in a patients with signs of UMN and LMN?
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
|
|
Which cells regenerate in the PNS? Why?
|
Cells in the Ventral Root
- they contain myelin from Schwann Cells which promote regeneration of cut axons. |
|
What are the three Ps of Tabes Dorsalis?
|
1) Pain
2) Paresthesia 3) polyuria Argyll Robertson Pupils Last P is Pupil Defect! |
|
What structures degenerates in MS?
|
Myelin containing nerves
i.e. Optic Nerves, formed by oligodendrocytes not schwann(PNS) |
|
What test do you find positive in MS?
|
Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin G Staining w/ oligoclonal banding
|
|
Charactestic of Syringomyelia?
|
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature
|
|
What level does the fasciculus cuneatus begins?
|
T5 segment
|
|
What cells are affected in LMN lesions?
|
Alpha motor neurons in the ventral horns
|
|
What cells manage the reflex contraction of muscle and extension of oposite muscles?
|
Muscle Spindles
|
|
What are does the anterior spinal artery supply?
|
Ventrolateral 2/3's of the spinal cord
- DC are spared - NO problems in pain and temp. |
|
What is affected if the spinothalamic tract on the left side is affected?
|
Pain and temperature sensations on the right leg
|
|
Where do axons of fasciculus cuneatus have their bodies in?
|
Dorsal Root Ganglia
|
|
The Brain Stem
|
pg. 363
|
|
What three parts make the Brainstem?
|
1) midbrain
2) pons 3) medulla |
|
What cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
|
1) oculomotor III
2) trochlear IV 3 and 4 |
|
What cranial nerves enter or exit the pons?
|
V, VI, VII, VIII
5-8 |
|
What three cranial nerves enter or exit from the medulla?
|
IX, X, XII
|
|
Are Motor Nuclei located medially or lateral?
|
Medial M=Medial M=Motor
|
|
What are some of the symptoms for a pineal tumor?
|
Parinaud Sx:
1) paralisis of upward gaze 2) noncummunicating hydrocephalus |
|
What cranial nerve is affected in Neurofibromatosis II?
|
VIII, associated with Schwannomas
|
|
What happens to a lesion of the nucleus ambiguus?
|
Ipsilateral paralysis of the soft palate
- uvula deviates away from the lesion - nasal regurgitation of liquids - hoarseness - difficulty swallowing |
|
What does the solitary nucleus control?
|
solitary sounds like salivary and taste.
- it controls the taste and visceral sensory neurons |
|
What cranial nerve does the spinal nucleus control?
|
Trigeminal nerve V
|
|
What is the major parasympathetic nucleus in the brain stem? Where is it located?
|
Dorsal motor nucleus in the 4th ventricle
|
|
What cranial nerves does the nucleus solitarius control?
|
VII, IX, X
7,9,10 |
|
What nerve is NOT affected when there is an intramedullary lesion?
|
Spinal Accesory Nerve (XI)
|
|
What muscles does the spinal accesory nerve innervate?
|
1) sternocleidomastoid
2) trapezius |
|
Where is the abducens nucleus found?
|
Floor of the 4th ventricle
- lateral to the MLF |
|
What happens when the abducens nucleus has a lesion?
|
- ipsilateral facial paralisis of the VII nerve
- inability to look to the side of the lesion |
|
Where does the facil nerve exit the brain?
|
pontomedullary junction
|
|
What is the superior olivary nucleus responsible for?
|
It receives auditory impulses from both ears by cochclear nuclei.
- cochclear nuclei at pontomedullary junction |
|
Where are vestibular nuclei found?
|
posterior surface of pons
|
|
What three structures are found in the pontomedullary junction?
|
- Facial motor nucleus exits fibers
- cochlear nuclei |
|
What four nerves emerge from the pons?
|
V-VIII
5,6,7,8 at the pontomedullary junction |
|
What is another name for midbrain?
|
Mesencephalon
|
|
What structures pass through the midbrain?
|
- cerebral acueduct
- superior colliculi - inferior colliculi |
|
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
|
processes auditory information received bilaterally from cochlear nuclei
|
|
What is the function of superior colliculi?
|
help direct movement of both eyes in gaze
|
|
What two nerve emerge from midbrain?
|
oculomotor III
trochlear IV 3,4 |
|
What do the cerebral peduncles contain?
|
Corticospinal fibers
corticobulbar fibers |
|
How do oculomotor nucleus exists the midbrain?
|
ventrally in the interpenducular fossa
|
|
How do trochlear nerves exit?
|
posterior midline inferior to the inferior colliculi
|
|
How does the ear protect itself against damage to the inner ear from loud sounds?
|
It contracts the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
|
|
What happens to the Upper Face and Lower Face in a corticobulbar lesion?
|
The Upper Face has normal function since it has a bilateral innervation.
The Lower Face is affected contralaterally since there is only one set of fibers going there. |
|
What are the components of the ear?
|
1) external ear
2) middle ear 3) inner ear |
|
What structures make up the external ear?
|
Pinna
External Auditory Meatus |
|
What makes up the middle ear?
|
- Temporal Bone
- tympanic membrane - connecting it to the oval window |
|
What bones are included in the middle ear?
|
malleus
stapes incus |
|
What makes up the inner ear?
|
- labyrinth
- channels (semicircular ducts and cochlear duct) |
|
What is the characteristic of endolymph?
|
It contains the same characteristics as intracellular fluid
|
|
What is the characteristic of perilymph?
|
It is ionically extracellular fluid
|
|
How does sound travel from the ear to the brain?
|
hair cells in the organ of Corti are conected to the spiral ganglion.
- to cochlear part of CN VIII - ventral cochlear nuclei --> Superior Olivary N. --> Inferior Colliculus --> Midbrain |
|
What is stimulated in low-frequency sounds?
|
Apex of of the cochlea
|
|
What is stimulated in high-frequency sounds?
|
Base of the cochlea
|
|
Does perilymph move towards or away the direction of movement?
|
Toward
|
|
How does endolymph move?
|
Against the direction of movement
|
|
Static Laberynth is made up of?
|
Striola
Otoconia Kinocillium |
|
How can you tell if there is excitation from the kinocillium?
|
They are pointing toward the striola
|
|
What are the components of the dynamic laberynth?
|
Ampulla, endolymph, hair cells, crystals
|
|
What consists in a Pinealoma Sydrome?
|
Insomnia, headache and can't look up
|
|
What is the mechanism of damage in a pinealoma?
|
- Damage to the superior colliculus center for upward gaze
- pupillary constriction for accomodation - decrease in melatonin - decrease in sleep patterns - headache from tumor compression |
|
- Can't follow Upward gaze
- Hydrocephalus - Headache - Pupils Accomodate but not react Diagnostic? |
Pinnealoma/Parinaud Sx
|
|
What nerve is intact when you have good convergence?
|
III adducts well
|
|
Patient difficulty swallowing and palata droopped, what center is affected?
|
Nucleus Ambiguus
|