The word Theory is defined as a set of propositions, assumptions or facts that provides a plausible or rational explanation of casual relationships between groups of observed events. In other words it is a fact or principle that is presented as true but not known or proven to be true.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theory)
From the Greek word ‘Thoros’ (spectator) the origin of the world stresses that all theories are mental models of the anticipated reality.
There are many types of theories for example; scientific theories, business theories, sociological theories and physiological theories etc.
• Scientific Theories:
A theory is not the same as a Hypothesis. A theory provides an explanation of an observation; from here this …show more content…
Belonging Needs – includes feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance. It is about relationships, friendships and families where organisations satisfy this need for people.
4. Self-Esteem Needs – this is where people have self- respect and look to be respected by others.
5. Self- Actualisation Needs – includes the level of need to realise peoples full potential.
2. Process Theories about Motivation Example:
The Expectancy Theory was developed by Victor H Vroom in 1964. It argues that people act upon their conscious expectations when certain behaviour will lead to a specific goal. The expectancy theory produces an explanatory theory of workplace motivation in other words. The theory indicates that a person will act a certain way determined by a person’s expectation of behaviour that will lead to a particular outcome resulting by the view that person has for the outcome.
There are three components of the expectancy theory:
1. Expectancy: The belief of an individual’s effort will result in the desired goal.
2. Instrumentality: The belief of the person an individual will receive a reward if the goal is accomplished.
3. Valence: The value of that reward according to the individual.
The equation for this theory suggests that human behaviour is encouraged by subjective …show more content…
Performance Standards:
Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s first discovery was that there were no scientific performance standards and that no one knew how much work a worker should do in one day or one hour. The work was fixed by the judgment by the amount of work a worker would do on average in a day, FW Taylor then introduced ‘Time and Motion Studies’ to help the improvement of performance standards. The quality of work improved as he fixed performance standards for time and cost, resulting with the efficiency of workers could now be compared with each other.
2. Differential Piece Rate System:
FW Taylor then observed that considering there was an under existing wage system workers gained nothing extra causing the workers to do as little as possible. So he used the differential piece rate system to help fix this problem. Firstly a standard output was fixed followed by two wage rates as shows:
- For the workers who did not produce the standard output they were given a lower wage
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theory)
From the Greek word ‘Thoros’ (spectator) the origin of the world stresses that all theories are mental models of the anticipated reality.
There are many types of theories for example; scientific theories, business theories, sociological theories and physiological theories etc.
• Scientific Theories:
A theory is not the same as a Hypothesis. A theory provides an explanation of an observation; from here this …show more content…
Belonging Needs – includes feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance. It is about relationships, friendships and families where organisations satisfy this need for people.
4. Self-Esteem Needs – this is where people have self- respect and look to be respected by others.
5. Self- Actualisation Needs – includes the level of need to realise peoples full potential.
2. Process Theories about Motivation Example:
The Expectancy Theory was developed by Victor H Vroom in 1964. It argues that people act upon their conscious expectations when certain behaviour will lead to a specific goal. The expectancy theory produces an explanatory theory of workplace motivation in other words. The theory indicates that a person will act a certain way determined by a person’s expectation of behaviour that will lead to a particular outcome resulting by the view that person has for the outcome.
There are three components of the expectancy theory:
1. Expectancy: The belief of an individual’s effort will result in the desired goal.
2. Instrumentality: The belief of the person an individual will receive a reward if the goal is accomplished.
3. Valence: The value of that reward according to the individual.
The equation for this theory suggests that human behaviour is encouraged by subjective …show more content…
Performance Standards:
Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s first discovery was that there were no scientific performance standards and that no one knew how much work a worker should do in one day or one hour. The work was fixed by the judgment by the amount of work a worker would do on average in a day, FW Taylor then introduced ‘Time and Motion Studies’ to help the improvement of performance standards. The quality of work improved as he fixed performance standards for time and cost, resulting with the efficiency of workers could now be compared with each other.
2. Differential Piece Rate System:
FW Taylor then observed that considering there was an under existing wage system workers gained nothing extra causing the workers to do as little as possible. So he used the differential piece rate system to help fix this problem. Firstly a standard output was fixed followed by two wage rates as shows:
- For the workers who did not produce the standard output they were given a lower wage