Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The principle states that reinforcement value decreases as the delay between making a choice and obtaining the reinforcer increases.
|
Ainslie-Rachlin principle
|
|
This principle predicts preference reversal when a delay precedes the choice between a small, immediate reward and a large, deferred reinforcer.
|
Ainslie-Rachlin principle
|
|
At some time prior to the choice the large, deferred reinforcer becomes more valued than the small, immediate reward
|
Ainslie-Rachlin principle
|
|
The use of economic concepts (price, substitute commodity, etc.) and principles (e.g., marginal utility) to predict, control and analyze the behavior of organisms in choice situations.
|
behavioral economics
|
|
For the generalized matching equation, this is indicated by variation in the value of k from 1.
|
bias |
|
This contingency is a control procedure that is used to stop rapid switching between alternatives on concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
|
changeover delay (COD)
|
|
Contingency that stipulates that responses do not have an effect immediately following a change from one schedule to another.
|
changeover delay (COD)
|
|
After switching to a new alternative, a brief time is required before a response is reinforced.
|
changeover delay (COD)
|
|
On a concurrent schedule, a changeover is a response that an organism emits when it switches from one alternative to another.
|
changeover response |
|
The distribution of operant behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement.
|
choice
|
|
Some behavior emitted at a time prior to the choice point that eliminates or reduces the probability of impulsive behavior.
|
commitment response
|
|
Two or more schedules of reinforcement (e.g., FR, VR, FI, VI) are simultaneously available.
|
concurrent schedules of reinforcement
|
|
Each alternative is associated with a separate schedule of reinforcement and the organism is free to distribute behavior to the schedules
|
concurrent schedules of reinforcement
|
|
Involves all non-programmed sources of reinforcement that regulate alternative behavior and reducing the control of behavior on a specified schedule of reinforcement, including any unknown contingencies that support the behavior of the organism.
|
extraneous sources of reinforcement (Re)
|
|
A method used to present concurrent schedules in the operant laboratory.
|
Findley procedure
|
|
Separate schedules are programmed on a single key, and the organism may switch schedules by making a response on a CO or changeover key.
|
Findley procedure
|
|
Proportion equations like Ba/(Ba + Bb) = Ra/(Ra + Rb) describe concurrent performance when alternatives differ only in rate of reinforcement
|
generalized matching law (power law for matching)
|
|
What is used in complex environments, when there are other factors that contribute to choice and preference.
|
generalized matching law (power law for matching)
|
|
A generalized form of the ratio equation utilizing constants that represent sources of error may be used to handle the situation in which unknown factors influence the distribution of behavior.
|
generalized matching law (power law for matching)
|
|
The equation then is Ba/Bb = k(Ra/Rb)^a, and the matching equation in this
|
generalized matching law (power law for matching)
|
|
When a person (or other animal) selects the smaller, immediate payoff over the larger, delayed benefits, we may say that he/she shows _____.
|
impulsive behavior
|
|
When two or more concurrent-interval schedules are available, relative rate of response matches (or equals) relative rate of reinforcement.
|
matching law
|
|
What pertains to the distribution of behavior between (or among) alternative sources of reinforcement is equal to the distribution of reinforcement for these alternatives.
|
matching law
|
|
In this economic view of behavior, humans and other animals are like organic computers that compare their behavioral distributions with overall outcomes and eventually stabilize on a response distribution that maximizes overall rate of reinforcement.
|
maximization
|
|
An explanation of how organisms come to produce matching on concurrent schedules of reinforcement wherein organisms are considered to 'do the best at the moment'.
|
melioration
|
|
When relative behavior increases faster than predicted from relative rate of reinforcement. See also generalized matching law.
|
overmatching
|
|
What is an alternative source of reinforcement when several schedules of reinforcement are available and one alternative may be chosen more frequently than others.
|
preference
|
|
The change in value of a reinforcer as a function of time to the choice point (as in self-control).
|
preference reversal
|
|
This law states that the absolute rate of response on a schedule of reinforcement is a hyperbolic function of rate of reinforcement on the schedule relative to the total rate of reinforcement, both scheduled and extraneous reinforcement.
|
quantitative law of effect
|
|
What equation is derived from as the rate of reinforcement on the schedule increases the rate of response also rises, but eventually further increases in rate of reinforcement produce less and less of an increase in rate of response (hyperbolic).
|
quantitative law of effect
|
|
When two or more sources of reinforcement are available (as on a concurrent schedule), this term refers to reinforcement delivered on one alternative divided by the sum of all alternatives.
|
relative rate of reinforcement
|
|
When two or more sources of reinforcement are available (as on a concurrent schedule), this term refers to rate of response on one alternative divided by the sum of the rates on all alternatives.
|
relative rate of response
|
|
What occurs when a person may give up immediate gains for greater long-term benefits or accepting immediate negative consequences for later positive outcomes
|
self-control behavior
|
|
To solve the matching equation for the absolute rate of response (Ba), it is important to recognize that Ba + Be is equal to all the behavior, or the _____ for a given situation
|
total behavioral output
|
|
The procedure used when, on a concurrent schedule of reinforcement, the alternative schedules are presented on separate response keys.
|
two-key procedure
|
|
When changes in the response ratio are less than changes in the reinforcement ratio.
|
undermatching
|
|
In terms of behavior, what is concerned with the distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement
|
choice
|
|
What is used to investigate choice in the lab
|
concurrent schedules of reinforcement
|
|
In order to prevent switching on concurrent schedules
|
program a changeover delay
|
|
What uses a findley procedure, single-response key that changes color with schedule, or a changeover key
|
switching on concurrent schedules
|
|
The experiment by Herrnstein using a two key concurrent VI VI schedule is described by
|
proportional matching equation
|
|
The matching law has described the choice behavior of
|
pigeons, wagtails, rats
|
|
When the response is continuous rather than discrete use a matching equation for
|
time spent on each alternative
|
|
The equation for matching of rations of rates of response to rates of reinforcement includes
|
value for bias and sensitivity
|
|
The equation for matching of rations of rates of response to rates of reinforcement is stated in terms of
|
power law
|
|
In contrast to optimal foraging, Herrnstein proposed a process of
|
melioration
|
|
What involves the use of economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choice
|
behavioral economics
|