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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The two constituents of chromosomes are _____________ & _____________.
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Proteins & DNA
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In DNA ___________, DNA makes more of itself
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Replication
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_______________ were first isolated as part of the phosphorus-containing compound nuclein from pus and sperm by Friedrich Miescher
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Nucleic acids
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In the early 1900's, nuclein was resolved into an acidic compound, nucleic acid and a basic component, primarily proteins, known as ____________
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histones
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______________ is a change in genotype (genetic makeup) and phenotype (appearance) due to the assimilation of a foreign substance (now known to be DNA) by a cell.
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Transformation
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_________, McCarty, & __________(1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent |
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent |
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Avery, __________, & __________ (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent |
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent |
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__________, __________, & __________ (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent |
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent |
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Describe the experiment conducted by Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod.
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Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod isolated S strain proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA one at a time and introduced them to R strain to see which would induce transformation.
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Alfred _________ and Martha ________ (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2 |
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2 |
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___________ and ____________ (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2 |
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2 |
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In the Hershey Chase experiment, phage T2 attacks Escherichia coli, a common _____________ of mammals
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intestinal bacteria
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True or false: phage T2 attacks Escherichia coli, a common intestinal bacteria of mammals
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True
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True or false: proteins do not contain phosphorus
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True
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The ________________ experiment was the 1st real use radioisotopes in biology
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Hershey & Chase
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Hershey and Chase tagged protein with ___________
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radioactive sulpher
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Hershey and Chase tagged DNA with ___________
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radioactive phosphorus
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2 types of nucleic acids: _________ and _________.
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DNA and RNA
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____________ is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
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Nucleotide:
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True or false: a nucleotide is composed of a 6-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
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False. a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
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True or false: a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
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True.
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True or false: a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, hydrogen base and phosphate group
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False. a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
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______________- a polymer of single nucleotides [ATCG (U)] made by linking nucleotides together via phosphodiester bond
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polynucleotide
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polynucleotide - a polymer of single nucleotides [ATCG (U)] made by linking nucleotides together via ______________ bond
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phosphodiester
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What is a polynucleotide?
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a polymer of single nucleotides [ATCG (U)] made by linking nucleotides together via phosphodiester bond
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____________ (1947)- developed a series of rules based on a survey of base composition of DNA in organisms
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Erwin Chargaff
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Who was Erwin Chargaff?
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(1947)- developed a series of rules for DNA structure & composition based on a survey of base composition of DNA in organisms
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In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached to the _________ of the next nucleotide in line. |
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line. |
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In DNA, the ___________ group of
one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line. |
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line. |
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In _____________, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line. |
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line. |
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True or False: DNA is read from 5' end to 3' end.
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True
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True or False: DNA is read from 3' end to 5' end.
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False. DNA is read from 5' end to 3' end.
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Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used ______________ to study the structure of DNA
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X-ray crystallography
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___________ = Long thin rigid rod
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Molecule
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True or False: Both purines and pyrimidines are flat in the ring plane.
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True.
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True or False: Both purines and pyrimidines are non-flat in the ring plane.
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False. Both purines and pyrimidines are flat in the ring plane.
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True or False: in DNA, sugar is on the inside because it is hydrophillic.
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True.
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True or False: sugars and phosphates make up the backbone onto which the nitrogenous bases are fixed.
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True.
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What is the distance of one "turn" of a DNA helix?
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3.4nm
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What is the difference between minor grooves and major grooves in DNA?
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Minor grooves are the smaller grooves between two complementary strands of DNA in the double helix. Major grooves are the larger spaces between "turns" in DNA.
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Each strand in a duplex of DNA is ______________ to each other, each can form a template when separated.
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complementary.
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True or False: The order of bases on one strand can be used to add in complementary bases and therefore duplicate the pairs of bases exactly.
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True
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True or False: DNA strands are complimentary, but only one can be used for replication.
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False. The order of bases on one strand can be used to add in complementary bases and therefore duplicate the pairs of bases exactly.
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What is the significance of the Meselson-Stahl experiment?
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They confirmed DNA hybridization (incompmlete)
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DNA replication is:
a) accurate to 1 error in 1 billion b) accurate to 1 error in 1 million c) 100% accurate d) roughly 98% accurate |
a) accurate to 1 error in 1 billion
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More than ___________ enzymes and other proteins participate in DNA replication.
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1 dozen
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The Nobel Prize was given to Arthur Kornberg for his work on _______________.
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identifying the biochemical mechanism of DNA replication
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Severo Ochoa got the Nobel Prize for his work on ________________.
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identifying the biochemical mechanism of RNA replication
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Where does DNA replication start?
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special sites termed "origins of replication" (single site in prokaryotes, multiple sites in eukaryotes)
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Enzymes called _____________ separate, or "unwind", the DNA strands
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helicases
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DNA _____________ synthesize DNA by adding a nucleotide that is complementary to the base in the template strand
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polymerases
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How is the new DNA strand oriented?
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5' ---> 3'
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In DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called:
a) Okinawa fragments b) Nagasaki groups c) Okazaki fragments d) Nitrile groups |
c) Okazaki fragments
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_____________ “proofreads” each nucleotide added to new DNA strand
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DNA Polymerase
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If incorrect, DNA Polymerase ___________
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removes incorrect nucleotides, and resumes synthesis
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What are the two important types of repair mechanisms?
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Mismatch repair, and Nucleotide Excision Repair (don't need to know steps).
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The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the ____________ of daughter DNA strands.
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The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5’ ends of daughter DNA strands.
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Eukaryotic chromosome ends have special nucleotide sequences called _______________.
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telomeres
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