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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sound characteristics
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1. Voicing (periodic sound)
2. Resonance (amplification) 3. Turbulence (aperiodic sound) 4. Transitions (blending) |
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3 sound sources of the "instrument"
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1. Mouthpiece = Larynx
2. Tube = Vocal tract 3. Radiating source = Lips |
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Vocal tract functions
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1. Sound amplifier
2. Turbulent sound generator → Resonates (amplifies) certain harmonics → So the vocal tract makes BIGGER and FULLER sounds |
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Segmentals v. suprasegmentals
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Segmentals = score = phonemes
v. Suprasegmentals = the way we actually talk & play the score = phones |
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Range of human hearing
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20 - 20,000 Hz
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Range of speech
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80/90 - 8000 Hz
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Frequency of MOST speech sounds
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Below 4000 Hz
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Frequencies w/ MOST speech energy
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Btwn 1000 - 2000 Hz
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Above & below 4000 Hz
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Above 4000 = most info for fricatives
Below 4000 = most of the acoustic energy = vowels |
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Amplitude of conversational speech
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60-75 dB
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Amplitude of dynamic range of speech
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60 dB
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Average fundamental frequencies of men, women, and children
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Adult male average F0: 125 Hz
Adult female average F0: 250 Hz (about an octave higher) Child average: 275 - 300 Hz (not much of a difference btwn prepubescent girls & boys) |
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Rates of speech
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Average adult conversational speech: 3 syllables/sec
Very rapid, intelligible adult conversational speech: 5 syllables/sec Slow adult convo speech: 2 syllables/sec |
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Source-Filter Model
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1. Vocal folds create vocal buzz (Voice)
2. Vocal tract shapes the buzz (Resonances) 3. Output = what you hear |
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4 qualities of vocal buzz
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glottal buzz = pseudo-complex periodic wave
1. Pitch 2. Loudness 3. Quality 4. Intonation??? |
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Resonance
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a. Buzz from VFs = complex periodic tone generated by VF vibration made up of F0 + its harmonics
c. Run sound thru tube that is open at one end → the tube will selectively make some harmonics more powerful and others less powerful = process of resonance = process of filtering So resonance & amplification are determined by shape of the mouth, i.e. shape of mouth determines which harmonics are amplified So 2 functions: i. Amplifies sound (like a megaphone) ii. Resonates (amplifies) certain harmonics → the vowel you hear |
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Vocal pitch
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= F0
= Perceived highness and lowness of voice Determined primarily by vocal fundamental freq (VF vibration) |
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Vocal loudness
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= Amplitude
= Perceived loudness of voice Determined by amplitude of vibration and speed/volume of air passing through the glottis |
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Vocal Quality
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= Tonality or perceived pleasantness of the voice
Based on patterns of vocal fold vibration → Degree of “periodicity” of vocal fold vibration |
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Vocal "Richness"
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“Fullness” or “brightness” of the voice
Based on number of harmonics perceived |
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Laryngeal cartilages
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1. Cricoid (1)
2. Thyroid (1) 3. Arytenoid (2) 4. Epiglottis (1) 5. Vocal folds |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle: Adductors
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Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Transverse 2 Oblique arytenoids = Interarytenoids |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle: Abductors
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PCA
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle: Lengthener
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Cricothyroid
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle: Shortener
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Vocalis
Thyroarytenoid |
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VF Layer 1
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= Epithelium
Outer layer of VFs made up of squamous epithelial (skin) tissue Covers all VFs Lubricated mucous-type membrane keeps things smooth, frictionless --> impt since VFs bang into each other! Can get Reinke’s edema in Reinke’s space btwn superficial layer & epithelial layer à swelling, bruising, fills w/liquid |
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VF Layer 2
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= Superficial layer of lamina propria (aka Reinke’s space)
Made up of very flexible elastic/pliable/gelatinous tissue that’s less than 0.5mm thick Fibers of this layer run in all different directions Very gelatinous, floppy, bouncy --> loose connection btwn outer epithelial VFs & this layer Soft! Shock absorbers as VFs hit each other (phonotrauma) |
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VF Layer 3
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= Intermediate layer of lamina propria
Also made up of elastic tissue--> combo of gelatinous cells + fibers that are a lilll stiffer 1-2mm thick Fibers only run anterior to posterior (parallel to VFs) Stretchy, elastic! NOT gelatinous. Allows for stretching/elasticity of VFs, but a lil stiffer = more support & structure |
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VF Layer 4
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= Deep layer of lamina propria
(Vocal ligament = layers 3 and 4 = the stiffer part, like a ligament) Stiff thread-like collagen fibers that only run anterior to posterior Provide structure & support for VFs Provide source of attachment for next layer (muscle) |
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VF Layer 5
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= Vocalis muscle = Thyrovocalis muscle
-->Thinner muscle Originates @ thyroid notch, runs down to thyroid cartilage vertically, then courses backwards posteriorly & terminates @ vocal process of arytenoid (most forward process) Attachment is to deep layers of lamina propria When muscle contracts, it will tense VFs, tending to draw VFs toward midline --> shortens & stiffens them! - Stiff things vibrate faster & also resist vibration a little - Adds some tension to deep layers of VFs |
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VF Layer 6
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= Thyroarytenoid = Thyromuscularis
Lateral to vocalis Large relative to vocalis Also originates @ thyroid notch but is just lateral to the vocalis. Runs the length of VFs and terminates @ the arytenoids but @ the muscular process - Typically thyroarytenoid muscle not usually, but can be, involved in vibration of VFs. However, when it contracts, it can do a couple things à can all be done voluntarily! - Primary VF shortener (in opposition to cricothyroid) Unimpeded thyroaryt muscle contraction (Isotonic): It will get shorter. Anchored in back by arytenoids, so it brings the thyroid cartilage back --> shortens the VFs, they get shorter, thicker, less stiff --> pitch goes down Opposed thyroaryt muscle contraction (Isometric) - Muscles tense, but do not shorten - VFs tense & stiffen --> pitch goes up |
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Vibration cycle: Attack phase
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Bring VFs to abducted/semi-abducted position
Subglottic pressure buildup Setting the VFs for sound |
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Vibration cycle: Opening phase
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= When VFs just start opening
Open from the bottom up …Until completely open! Pressure blows VFs apart, pressure decreases as lips open Bernoulli Effect → As air goes from from big space thru a little space to another big space, air speeds up in the little space, creating a drop in pressure btwn lips = a suction |
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Closing phase
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Elasticity + suction from Bernoulli Effect pulls VFs back together
Pressure starts to build again |
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Closed phase
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All VFs touching
Pressure is greatest And the process begins again! |
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2 factors affecting VF vibration
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Aerodynamic pressure?
Elasticity + Bernoulli working together |
