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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pelvis gen
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pelvis:
- floor: flat, nearly horizontal - long axis of cavity: nearly straight - sacrotuberous ligament: well-developed, broad, makes soft tissue yield at parturition |
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pelvis vs ox
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pelvis vs ox:
- flatter ischial tuberosity and spine - lateral walls more soft tissue than dog also |
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axis of pelvis
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axis of pelvis:
- equidistant from roof and floor - generally horizontal (no undue curvatures or turns): better for parturition - pelvic exit: relatively free |
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pelvis of mare
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pelvis of mare:
- entrance wide, symmetrical and round, vs triangular in stallion - relatively roomy cavity - |
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ampulla of ductus deferens
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ampulla of ductus deferens:
- best developed in horse - common ejaculatory duct: with that of ipsilateral vesicular gland, short, opens on side of seminal colliculus - seminal colliculus: dorsal, mound-like feature of initial part of urethra |
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vesicular gland
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vesicular gland:
- pear-shaped, dorsal side of bladder within genital fold - simple wall, serous and muscular coats, mucous mem containing tubular glands - neck dips beneath prostate - common ejaculatory duct with the ductus deferens - only animal with true (sacculated) |
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prostate gland
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prostate gland:
- only body (no pars) - compact - across neck of bladder and beginning of pelvic urethra - isthmus connects L and R lobes - overlies terminal parts of vesicular glands and ducti defentia - obvious lobulation - up to 20 ducts opening separately on either side of the seminal colliculus - second to dog in size |
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bulbourethral gland
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bulbourethral gland:
- small, oval - dorsal end of pelvic urethra (as turns around ischial arch) - completely covered by bulboglandularis m - 6 to 8 ducts opening into dorsal part of urethra |
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parts of male urethra
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parts of male urethra:
- dorsal surface covered by accessory sex gland - invested with urethralis m, except at origin 1. pelvic: direct, non-demarcated continuation of neck of bladder 2. extrapelvic (spongiose): |
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seminal colliculus
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seminal colliculus:
- median and dorsal hillock of the internal surface of urethra - ejaculatory ducts open on side - uterus masculinis opens centrally |
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urethral ducts
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urethral ducts:
1. prostatic orifices: up to 20, line sides of ejaculatory ducts 2. bulbourethral: caudal, on either side of median plane 3. lateral urethral glands: dorso-laterally in region of bulbourethral, tubuloalveolar in mucosa |
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penis gen
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penis:
- large (5 cm diam), cylindrical - short when not erect (45 cm) - spongiosum and cavernosum |
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corpus spongiosum
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corpus spongiosum:
- surrounds urethra |
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corpus cavernosum
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corpus cavernosum:
- musculocavernous: longitudinal smooth m in trabeculae, large caverns, grows in length and diam - tonic contraction holds in prepuce - 2 arise from L and R tubera ischiadica and fuse to form corpus - dorsal part of penis - extends to tip |
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tunica albuginea
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tunica albuginea:
- fibrous CT, limits expansion - surrounds cavernosum NOT urethra or spongiosum |
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bulbospongiosus m
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bulbospongiosus m:
- encloses spongiosum throughout length - transverse fibers bridge urethral groove |
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retractor penis mm
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retractor penis mm:
- paired, smooth m - entire ventral part of body of penis - dips between the transverse fibers of the bulbospongiosus m to lie dorsal, close to terminal part of penis |
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glans penis
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glans penis:
- enlarged, blunt - extension of spongiosum capping the distal end of the cavernosum 1. corona glandis: raised margin 2. dorsal process of glans 3. collum (neck) glandis: connects corona and dorsal process |
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urethral process
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urethral process:
- cylindrical end of urethra - surrounded by fossa glandis (recess) - projects beyond the glans |
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urethral sinus
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urethral sinus:
- dorsal diverticulum of fossa glandis - contains smegma (bean) which can cause colic-like symptoms |
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prepuce
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prepuce:
1. inner (preputial) fold: not in other dom spp, preputial ring orifice 2. outer fold: main opening/ preputial orifice - erection: both folds pulled over the elongated shaft of the penis |
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cr and ca preputial mm
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cr and ca preputial mm:
- protract and retract the prepuce - absent in stallion !!!!! - present in bull |
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main blood supply to penis
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main blood supply to penis:
- a of the penis: from internal pudendal (branch of int iliac): 1. deep a of penis: branches to erectile tissue at root of penis 2. dorsal a of penis: surface 3. a of bulb |
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penile blood supply
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penile blood supply:
1. a of penis 2. obturator a 3. external pudendal a: cranial a of penis - unique to equids |
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venous drainage of penis
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venous drainage of penis:
1. internal pudendal v: root 2. external pudendal v: body, venous plexuses into external iliac - passes through origin of gracilis NOT inguinal canal 3. obturator v: into internal iliac |
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external pudendal v and gracilis m
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external pudendal v:
- passes through the origin of the gracilis, rather than the inguinal canal like other mammals - abduction during breeding stretches the m, constricting the v, resulting in engorgement |
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blood supply of prepuce
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blood supply of prepuce:
1. dorsal a and v of penis: supply and drain 2. superficial epigastrics: branches and tributaries on each side |
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lymph nodes of prepuce
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lymph nodes of penis:
- deep inguinal - send efferents to medial iliac ln (major ln of HL) |
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scrotum
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scrotum:
- globular, no distinct neck - tightly encloses testes - ventral to cr pelvis, between thighs - sparse hair, oily - median scrotal raphe - supplied by ext pudendal a |
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layers of scrotum
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layers of scrotum:
-same as ox, difficult to separate 1. skin 2. tunica dartos: - fibroelastic and smooth mm - midline scrotal septum - scrotal ligament: attaches it to spermatic sac (vaginal tunic) |
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testicular fascia
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testicular fascia: sup --> deep
1. ext spermatic: easily separated from skin and dartos - derived from EAO 2. cremasteric: continuation of IAO attached to cremaster m 3. int spermatic: derived from transversus abdominus, attaches to vaginal cavity/ tunic |
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castration
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castration:
1. closed: - only scrotal skin incised - transect distal to a ligature or emasculate - separates skin and external spermatic fascia from cremasteric fascia 2. open: scrotal skin and vaginal process incised - cavity of vaginal tunic directly continuous with peritoneal cavity |
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nerve supply of scrotum
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nerve supply of scrotum:
- L2 and L3 - little contribution from preputial and scrotal branch of pudendal n |
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scrotal ln
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scrotal ln:
- sup inguinal ln - lie around spermatic cord |
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testes
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testes:
- rounded or oval - flattened mediolaterally - spermatic cord nearly perpendicular to horizontal long axis - R: spermatic cord continues into vertical long axis of testes - mediastinum indistinct |
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epididymis
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epididymus:
- dorsal aspect of testes - head (caput): projects a little beyond pole of testes - tail (cauda): projects caudally beyond the pole of the testes |
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ligaments of testes
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ligaments of testes:
1. l of tail of epididymus: - well formed, attaches tail to vaginal tunic 2. proper l: - attaches tail to ca pole of testes |
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deferent duct
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deferent duct:
- leaves tail - ascends the inguinal canal as a part of the spermatic cord |
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testicular (spermatic) a
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testicular (spermatic) a:
- cr border of spermatic cord - tortuous on surface as approaches testes: unique to equids - runs along attached border, sending branches to the testes and epididymus |
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pampiniform plexus
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pampiniform plexus:
- formed by v around testicular a, after leaving the testes - valves prevent backflow - testicular v free from plexus high in inguinal canal |
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cremasteric/ deferent a and v
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cremasteric/ deferent a and v:
- run alongside the ductus deferens |
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ln of testicles
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ln of testicle:
- lymphatic vessels are large and accompany v - go to medial iliac ln - yellow parenchyma |
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sterilization
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sterlization:
- retains libido - vaginal process opened - ligature between tail of epididymus and body of ductus deferens - removed intervening tail tissue |
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ovary
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ovary:
- L4 or 5 close to abdominal roof - thick, long, immobile mesovarium (suspensory ligament on cr border) - largest and longest among dom: 9 cm estrus |
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ovarian fossa
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ovarian/ ovulation fossa:
- bean shaped ovary due to marked concavity on ventral (non-peritoneal) side - unique to equids - site of follicle release |
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ovarian follicles
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ovarian follicles:
- medulla, not cortex as in other spp - mature follicles only project slightly on ovarian surface but up to 7cm diam with 50-80ml fluid |
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corpora lutea
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corpora lutea:
- very large (5 cm) - in medulla (stroma): doesn't project above surface |
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secondary corpora lutea
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secondary corpora lutea:
- new set of follicles developing at 40 days of pregnancy - may not ovulate, but form this new corpora lutea - persist, with primary, only until about 150 days of pregnancy - afterwards pregnancy maintained without corpora lutea |
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ovarian bursa
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ovarian bursa:
- shallow peritoneal pocket with ventral opening - bounded by: 1. medially: the proper ligament of the ovary and peritoneum suspending it 2. laterally: mesosalpinx 3. cranially: ovary and mesosalpinx 4. caudally: uterine horn |
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uterine tube
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uterine tube:
- mucosa longitudinally and otherwise folded 1. infundibulum: fimbriated, funnel-shaped end 2. ampulla and isthmus: coiled 3. sphinctered papilla: joins uterine horn abruptly |
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uterine horn (cornu)
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uterine horn (cornu):
- flattened T-shaped - oviductal end rounded, blunt - short, sublumbar suspension by broad ligaments with remnant of round ligament lateral |
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uterine horn mucosa
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uterine horn mucosa:
- uniform - endometrial cups: slightly raised areas/ rings (3 cm), more obvious in early pregnancy but disappear - cups responsible for local endocrine fx |
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hippomanes
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hippomanes:
- brown material of vary size floating in amnion or allantois - non-cellular, stratified - up to 2.5 cm long - no known fx - also in ox, sheep, pig |
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uterine body
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uterine body:
- only slightly shorter than horn - abdominal and pelvic placement - shorter in other spp - large capacity |
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location of fetus
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location of fetus:
- one uterine horn and uterine body - other horn only has fetal membranes - horns gradually move cranially until they come close to xiphoid and diaphragm - transverse presentation: uterine body and both horns |
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cervix uteri
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cervix uteri:
- canal: straight with longitudinal folds, easy to catheterize - vaginal part: rounded and projects into vagina, forming... - annular vaginal fornix: radial folds continuous with mucosal folds ling cervical canal - rose bud (not breeding) vs wilted rose (breeding) |
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vagina
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vagina:
- cranial part intraperitoneal - pelvic location - capacious, lined by mucous membranes thrown into longitudinal folds (continuous with those of the cervix) |
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vestibule
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vestibule:
- caudal: bounded by labia of vulva - cranial: at level of urethral orifice - hymen may be at this level - rises craniodorsally from ca end, as in other spp - two rows of vestibular glands |
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external urethral orifice
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external urethral orifice:
- highly dilatable - short urethra, predisposed to prolapse |
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glans clitoridis
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glans clitoridis:
- largest in horse - conspicuous, rounded body - exposed during micturition - surrounded or covered by fossa clitoridis |
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vulva
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vulva:
- labiae vulvae appose to form rounded ventral and pointed dorsal commisures: equids only - most animals: dorsal labial commisure lies at level of pelvic floor |
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dorsally elevated dorsal labial commisure
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dorsally elevated dorsal labial commisure:
- some thoroughbreds 1. anus displaced cranially, sunken in ischiorectal fossa 2. floor of vestibule elevated: poor urine drainage 3. constrictor vulvae inefficient in closing rima vulvae 4. fecal contamination of UG tract 5. vagina sucks in air as animal walks: wind-sucking 6. factors lead to inflammation, infection, infertility/ sterility with problematic tx |
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clitoris
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clitoris:
- all parts well developed - estrous: protrudes periodically= winking - deep and superficial clitoral sinuses - may harbor contagious equine metritis organisms |
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ovarian a and v
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1. ovarian a: directly from aorta
- ovarian (tortuous in mesovarium) and uterine branch - equids: divides into several branches ramifying the surface 2. ovarian v: - large, but not as complexly and intimately intertwined with a as in other spp |
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uterine a
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uterine a:
- from external (rarely int) iliac - main supply to uterus and tubular parts - several branches in mesometrium - antimesometrial side: less vascular, C- section incision - fremitus: buzzing during pregnancy |
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vaginal a
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vaginal a:
- from internal pudendal - supplies vagina, cervix, ca uterus, bladder and pelvic urethra - vestibular branch of int pudendal also supplies vagina and vestibule |
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mammae
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mammae:
- small, closely associated pairs - inguinal location - longitudinal (intermammary) groove - compressed medio-laterally - conical teat: two teat orifices/ duct systems - sparse, fine hair, sweat and sebaceous glands |
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ligaments of mammae
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ligaments of mammae:
- medial: elastic - lateral: fibrous - like cow, but less developed |
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blood supply of mammae
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blood supply of mammae:
- external pudendal a (pudendoepigastric trunk) - external pudendal v: drains along with superficial ca epigastric |
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mammary ln:
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mammary ln:
- superficial inguinal ln - several, scattered between ventral abdominal wall and gland - efferents to deep inguinal ln |
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innervation of mammae
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innervation of mammae:
1. cutaneous: L2- L4, S2-S4 2. udder parenchyma: genitofemoral (L3+4), sympathetic |
