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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the fed state _ pathways predominate because of the action of _.
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Anabolic
Insulin |
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Which of the following is not a major function of protein in the body?
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Providing energy to the body
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Atherosclerosis is best defined as
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The accumulation of cholesterol, other lipids, and cellular debris in the artery wall, forming a plaque
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A pro-atherogeneic lipid profile is
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High total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol
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The two essential fatty acids we discussed
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Are polyunsaturated fatty acids
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Glycolysis
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Catabolism of glucose
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Lipolysis
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Breakdown of triglycerides
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Beta-oxidation
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Aerobic breakdown of fatty acids
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Gluconeogenesis
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Synthesis of glucose in the liver from non-carbohydrate sources
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Pyruvate
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Primary end product of glycolysis
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A triglyceride includes
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3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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_ particles are triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced during endogenous lipid transport, and _ particles are the cholesterol-rich lipoproteins derived as a result of triglyceride removal from the starting lipoprotein.
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VLDL
LDL |
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The two essential fatty acids are
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Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
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_ is (are) the key structural component of a cell's membrane.
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Phospholipids
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Lipids are transported in the blood in spherical particles called
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Lipoproteins
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Where in the body are the majority of triglycerides stored for future energy needs?
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Adipose tissue
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Metabolism can be defined as
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The collective activity of anabolic and catabolic pathways
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Which of the following describes the main symptom(s) of beriberi?
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Muscle wasting and nerve damage
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Pellagra is the deficiency disease associated with
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Niacin
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Which of the following conditions have high dose of niacin supplements been used to treat?
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High cholesterol
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Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid are all
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Required for energy production
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Berberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome result from
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Thiamin deficiency
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The process of making larger molecules out of smaller molecules is called
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Anabolism
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Which cellular organelles are the primary sites of chemical energy production?
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Mitochondria
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The catabolism of glucose in glycolysis yields which molecule?
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Pyruvate
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Which molecule is common to catabolism of fat and glucose?
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Acetyl-CoA
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Which of the following situations will result in a buildup of ketones in the blood?
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Low carbohydrate availability
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Which of the following can be converted to fat?
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Dietary carbohydrates
Dietary proteins Dietary triglycerides |
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The process of producing fatty acids from non-fat sources is called _.
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Lipogenesis
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The primary anabolic hormone is
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Insulin
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The process of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid is called
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Hydrogenation
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Chylomicron
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Large lipoprotein synthesized in the intestines to transport dietary fat to the body
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Lipoprotein lipase
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Enzyme responsible for triglyceride breakdown
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LDL
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Lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to the body's cells. Mostly made up of cholesterol
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HDL
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Small lipoproteins that assist in removing cholesterol from body tissues for disposal
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VLDL
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Lipoprotein that transports lipids from the liver to the body's cells. Made up mostly of triglycerides
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Eicosanoids are hormone-like molecules derived from essential fatty acids. The eicosanoids derived from the n-3 essential fatty acids alpha-linolenic acids are
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Less inflammatory than those derived from the n-6 fatty acid linoleic acid
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Under the condition of starvation, the body will shift to production of an alternative fuel source to preserve muscle protein. The pathway that produces the alternative fuel is called
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Ketogenesis
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In order for the carbon skeleton of amino acids to be utilized as fuel or stored as fat the amine group must be removed through the process of
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Deamination and transamination
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Foam cells are lipid filled macrophages that are the hallmark of
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Atherosclerosis
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Dietary fatty acids can influence one's risk of developing heart disease. Specifically,
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Saturated fatty acids increase one's risk
Trans fatty acids increase one's risk |
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Where do we find the majority of the phospholipids in our body?
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As part of our cell membranes
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Reverse cholesterol transport, facilitated by HDL particles, refers to
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The movement of cholesterol from other (peripheral) tissues to the liver
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When reading a food ingredient list, the presence of partially hydrogenated oil is indicative of
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Trans fatty acids
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Because of increased energy demands, increased lean body mass, and increased needs for repair and recovery, athletes who are actively involved in training
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Require increased dietary protein (greater than the RDA) than non-atheletes
Require more calories in their diets than non-atheletes |
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Which of the following foods are a rich source of saturated fatty acids?
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Butter and lard
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Diets high in trans fatty acids are associated with
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Increased blood cholesterol levels
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Which of the following food items would contain the highest amount of dietary cholesterol?
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Butter
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What is the leading cause of death in the United States?
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Heart disease
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Which of the following statements is false?
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The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves
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Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of _. We didn't address this directly, but what do you think?
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Antioxidants
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In the absence of oxygen, glucose is catabolized to
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Pyruvate and then lactic acid
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Which of the following cells rely on anaerobic metabolism for ATP production?
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Red blood cells
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All of the following are major classes of dietary lipids except
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Glycogens
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What is the primary form of lipid in the diet?
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Triglycerides
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Which of the following is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
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Corn oil
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Triglycerides
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Molecule containing glycerol and three fatty acids
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Saturated fatty acids
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Fatty acids that are lacking any double bonds along their carbon chain
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Monounsaturated fatty acids
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Fatty acids that contain one double bond along their carbon chain
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids
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Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds along their carbon chain
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Trans fatty acids
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By-product of hydrogenating unsaturated fatty acids
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Phospholipids
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Consist of glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
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Cholesterol
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Multiple-carbon ring lipid structure synthesized by the liver
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Monoglyceride
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Molecule after two fatty acids have been removed from a triglyceride
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The removal of the amine group from an amino acid is called _.
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Deamination
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The human body synthesizes cholesterol.
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True
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Fat is the most energy dense of all the macronutrients.
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True
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Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature.
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False
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During times of weight gain, fat is primarily stored in the liver and muscle cells.
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False
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Across racial and ethnic groups, heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
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True
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What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?
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Nitrogen
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The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, milk, and eggs, but excludes all other types of animal protein, is called a
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Lacto-ovo vegetarian
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Which of the following supplements would you recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?
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Vitamin B12
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Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body are termed essential.
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False
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In properly nourished individuals, protein contributes minimally to energy needs.
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True
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Athletes cannot get adequate amounts of protein from the diet alone.
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False
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Strength athletes have increased protein needs as compared with sedentary individuals.
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True
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Endurance athletes have increased protein needs as compared with sedentary individuals.
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True
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Most Americans consume sufficient or excess amounts of dietary protein.
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True
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Building muscle is primarily an anabolic process.
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True
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A majority of the body's ATP is produced in the mitochondrion.
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True
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Glycogen stores are the body's most abundant energy source.
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False
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Amino acids are stored in the body for energy.
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False
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Muscle glycogen cannot be used to raise blood glucose.
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True
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ATP
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Energy currency of the cell
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Lactic acid
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End product of metabolism produced when there is a limited supply of oxygen
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Pyruvate
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Primary end product of glycolysis
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Glycolysis
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Breakdown of glucose; yields 2 ATP molecules
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Acetyl-CoA
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Molecule derived from glcolysis and beta-oxidation to enter TCA cycle
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Triglycerides can be classified by which of the following characteristics?
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Length of carbon chain of fatty acids
Degree of saturation of fatty acids Shape of fatty acids |
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Which type of essential fatty acids are found in fish or fish oils?
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Omega-3
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Which hormone signals the gallbladder to contract?
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CCK
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What immune cell plays a central role in atherosclerosis?
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Macrophages
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Which lipoproteins contribute to atherosclerosis by becoming oxidized or modified and taken up by macrophages in lesions?
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LDL
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The catabolism of fat is called
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Lipolysis
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Which food has the highest amounts of naturally occurring B-vitamins?
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Whole wheat bread
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In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining
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Blood calcium levels
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Blood calcium is critical for
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Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction Maintenance of blood pressure |
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Which is at most risk for vitamin D deficiency?
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A middle-aged woman living in Alaska
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Which is our primary dietary source of vitamin D?
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Milk
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Vitamin D toxicity is associated with
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Supplements
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Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth due to the fact that
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Newborns do not have enough bacteria in their large intestine to make vitamin K
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In addition to dietary sources, vitamin K is produced in our
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Large intestine
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Cortical
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Dense tissue found on the outer surface of all bone
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Calcitrol
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Active form of vitamin D
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Calcitonin
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Hormone that is secreted in response to high blood levels of calcium
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Trabecular
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Porous tissue found inside bone
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Osteoclast
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Cells that break down bone tissue
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Osteoblast
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Cells that stimulate the formation of bone
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Rickets
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Vitamin D deficiency in childhood
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Osteomalacia
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Vitamin D deficiency in adults
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Which of the following is not a good source of vitamin K?
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Exposure to sunlight
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Which of the following explains why folate is critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo?
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Folate is needed for proper cell division
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Folate deficiency during pregnancy is associated with
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Neutral tube defects
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Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to
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Megablastic anemia
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Who is most likely to be vitamin B12 deficient?
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Vegan
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Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
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Are both essential fatty acids
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Trans fatty acids are produced commercially through the process of
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Partial hydrogenation
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The removal of fatty acids from the glycerol backbone is called
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Lipolysis
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The enzyme _ releases fatty acids from chylomicrons, so they can be taken up by the surrounding cells. What remains of the chylomicrons is called
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Lipoprotein lipase
A chylomicron |
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Which of the following is a function of vitamin E?
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Protect PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in cell membranes from oxidation
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Which of the following foods are the richest source of vitamin E?
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Vegetable oils
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The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is
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Scurvy
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Which of teh following increases the RDA for vitamin C?
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Smoking cigarettes
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Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?
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Green and red peppers
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Based on our class discussion, vitamin A is essential for
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Maintaining healthy vision
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Catabolic pathways that require oxygen are referred to as _. Catabolic pathways that can function with low levels of oxygen are called _.
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Aerobic
Anaerobic |
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A lipoprotein profile associated with increased risk of developing atherosclerosis is
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High total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol
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_ cells are lipid filled macrophages that are the hallmark of _.
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Foam
Atherosclerosis |
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Consumption of high levels of _ fatty acids can increase one's risk of developing heart disease.
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Saturated
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The primary site of alcohol absorption is
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The small intestine
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The rate of alcohol metabolism is about
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1 beer per hour
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_ is (are) the enzyme(s) that catalyze the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde when very high concentrations of alcohol are present in the liver.
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The MEOS enzymes
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Scar tissue accumulation in the liver that may result from chronic alcohol abuse
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is called cirrhosis
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Having food in the stomach has the effect of slowing alcohol absorption because it
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Slows its release into the small intestine
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One of the signs of _ deficiency is hair loss.
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Biotin
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Which vitamin when taken in high doses can help lower cholesterol levels?
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Niacin
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A sign of ariboflavinosis is
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Swollen tongue
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Most of the B vitamins are required for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Which B vitamin is specifically required to metabolize amino acids?
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Vitamin B6
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Vitamin D
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People living in Alaska may require supplementation of this nutrient during the winter
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Vitamin B12
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Vegan diet must included reliable supplemental source
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Vitamin A
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Essential for proper differentiation of epithelial cells
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Iron
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Deficiency results in microcytic, hypochromic anemia
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Calcium
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Blood levels carefully maintained by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
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Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?
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Vitamin C
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Delayed dark adaptation, also known as night blindness, maybe the first symptom of a deficiency in
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Vitamin A
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Vitamin B12 requires _ for absorption.
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Intrinsic factor
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Aerobic
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With oxygen; lower-intensity exercise
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Lactic acid
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End product of metabolism produced when there is a limited supply of oxygen
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Anaerobic
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Without oxygen; high-intensity exercise
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Glycolysis
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Breakdown of glucose
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_ refers to the coupled process of bone resorption and formation.
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Bone remodeling
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Vitamin K's primary role in the body is
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Blood clotting
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Insufficient vitamin D during childhood is associated with
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Rickets
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Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall?
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Parathyroid hormone
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In which phase of the life cycle is bone loss the greatest?
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Menopause
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Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of
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Folate
Vitamin B12 |
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Where do we synthesize vitamin D?
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Skin
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Vitamin D plays a critical role in maintaining calcium balance by actively
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Increasing calcium absorption in the small intestine
Increasing bone resorption Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney |
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Which of the fatty acids is critical to fetal brain and eye development?
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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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Inadequate intake of which vitamin(s) is linked to cognitive decline in the elderly?
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Vitamin B12
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Adequate folate intake during pregnancy can help to prevent
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Neural tube defects
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The type of anemia that is seen in severe folate deficiency is characterized by large, immature blood cells. This type of anemia is called _, _ anemia.
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Macrocytic
Megaloblastic |
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The stomach produces two substances required for proper vitamin B12 absorption: hydrochloric acid and _.
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Intrinsic factor
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Vitamin C deficiency results in
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Scurvy
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Retinoids are abudant in _ foods, while carotenoids are abundant in _ foods.
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Animal
Plant |
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The form of vitamin A important for vision is
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Retinal
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Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) must undergo 2 conversion steps before it becomes the active form of vitamin D, calcitrol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D). Those steps take place in the _ and the _.
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Liver
Kidney |
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Rickets is a disease caused by
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Vitamin D deficiency
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Like vitamin C, vitamin E is a potent antioxidant. However, unlike vitamin C, vitamin E
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is fat soluble and therefore found in cell membranes
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Factors that impair vitamin D synthesis in the skin include all of the following except
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Light skin
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Which type of exercise is the least beneficial in preventing bone mass loss?
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Swimming
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Under conditions of anaerobic energy production, the lack of oxygen availability results in the conversion of _.
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Pyruvate to lactate
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