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400 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
abandon (v.)
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to leave; to give up
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Ex: To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship.
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adversely (adj.)
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in a harmful way; negatively
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Ex: Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adversely affect the planting of crops.
Usage Tips: adversely is often followed by affect. |
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aggregate (adj.)
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gathered into or amounting to a whole - ที่รวบรวมเข้าไว้ด้วยกัน
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Ex: It is impossible to judge last year's performance without knowing the aggregate sales numbers.
Usage Tips: aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or numbers. |
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cultivation (n.)
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preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes - การเพาะปลูก
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Ex: With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place.
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fertilize (v.)
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to supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil - ใส่ปุ๋ย
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Ex: This farm fertilize tomatoes more than any other crop.
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intensify (v.)
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to increase in power; to act with increased strength - เพิ่มความรุนแรงขึ้น เพิ่มขึ้น
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Ex: Jacob's long absence intensify his certainty that he should marry Rose.
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irrigation (n.)
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the supplying of water to dry land - การทดน้ำ การชลประทาน
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Ex: In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farm-land for irrigation.
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obtain (v.)
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to gain possession of; to get
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Ex: After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain the job.
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photosynthesis (n.)
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the process by which green plants make their own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the presence of light
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Ex: Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis.
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precipitation (n.)
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water that falls to the Earth's surface - น้ำฝน หิมะ
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Ex: In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life.
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anticipate (v.)
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to expect; to sense something before it happens - คาดหวัง คาดการณ์ล่วงหน้า
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Ex: By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public.
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catastrophic (adj.)
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Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin - อย่างร้ายแรง อย่างวิบัติ
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Ex: The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident.
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collide (v.)
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to come together with great or violent force - ขัดแย้งกันกัน ไม่เห็นด้วยอย่างยิ่งกับ
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Ex: As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws' views on politics collide with their own.
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eruption (n.)
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a sudden, often violent, outburst - การระเบิด การลุกลาม
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Ex: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain.
Usage Tips: eruption is often followed by an of phrase. |
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famine (n.)
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severe hunger; a drastic food shortage - ความอดอยาก ความขาดแคลน
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Ex: The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America.
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flood (n.)
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an overflowing of water; an excessive amount
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Ex: The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town.
Ex: The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents. |
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impact (n.)
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a strong influence - การกระทบ ผลกระทบ
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Ex: The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me.
Usage Tips: impact is usually followed by on or of. |
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persevere (v.)
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to keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose - วิริยะ อุตสาหะ
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Ex: The hikers persevere despite the bad weather and the icy trail.
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plunge (v.)
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to go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a short time - ถลาลงไป พุ่งเข้าไป
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Ex: He jumped off the diving board and plunge into the pool.
Ex: The value of the company's stock plunge after its chief executive was arrested. Usage Tips: plunge is often followed by an into phrase. |
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unleash (v.)
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to release a thing or an emotion
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Ex: When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleash their dogs.
Ex: He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings. |
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adapt (v.)
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to adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable
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Ex: Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures.
Ex: The teacher adapt the exercises for his more advanced students. Usage Tips: adapt is often followed by to. |
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diverse (adj.)
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various; showing a lot of differences within a group
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Ex: India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.
Usage Tips: An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before diverse. |
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evolve (v.)
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to develop; to come forth
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Ex: Modern-day sharks evolve from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago.
Usage Tips: evolve is often followed by into or from. |
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feature (n.)
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part, characteristic
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Ex: The best featureof this car is its heated seats.
Usage Tips: feature is often followed by of. |
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generation (n.)
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a group of people born at about the same time
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Ex: As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control of the company.
Usage Tips: Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or older is common. generation is often followed by of. |
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inherent (adj.)
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naturally characteristic; always found within something, because it's a basic part of that thing - มีอยู่โดยธรรมชาติ, มีอยู่โดยปกติ
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Ex: No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work.
Usage Tips: inherent is often followed by in. |
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migration (n.)
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movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals
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Ex: The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest.
Usage Tips: migration is often followed by to or from. |
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physical (adj.)
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related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt
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Ex: Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical ability to speak.
Ex: The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east. Usage Tips: physical usually comes before the noun it describes. |
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process (n.)
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a series of steps leading to a result
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Ex: To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letter-writing and interviews.
Usage Tips: process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a verb. |
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survive (v.)
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to continue living (despite some danger or illness)
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Ex: After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survive+ by eating wild plants and catching fish.
Usage Tips: survive is often followed by a phrase with by. |
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constraint (n.)
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something that restricts thought or action
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Ex: The constraint + of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris more than once a month.
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contamination (n.)
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being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance - การปนเปื้อน, การทำให้เปรอะ
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Ex: The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream.
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deplete (v.)
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to greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material - ลด (จำนวน, ปริมาณ) ลง
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Ex: The prolonged war deplete+ the country's national treasury.
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dispose of (v.)
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to throw away; to get rid of; to kill - กำจัด (คู่แข่ง, ขยะ) ; ฆ่า (ศัตรู)
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Ex: She dispose of+ her unwanted possessions before moving. The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies.
Usage Tips: dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose of+ does not occur without of. |
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elementally (adv.)
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in terms of elements; basically - โดยส่วนประกอบ, โดยองค์ประกอบ
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Ex: elementally, coal and diamonds are the same.
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emission (n.)
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sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air
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Ex: The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.
Usage Tips: emission is usually followed by an of phrase. |
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extinction (n.)
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complete disappearance; the end of existence
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Ex: Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species.
Usage Tips: extinction implies an absolute end; an extinction+ thing cannot be brought back into existence. |
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reservoir (n.)
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a place where a liquid is collected and stored - ทะเลสาบเทียม, อ่างเก็บน้ำ
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Ex: Cult members threatened to poison the town's water reservoir.
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shrink (v.)
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to become reduced in size, amount, or value - (grow smaller) หดลง, เล็กลง
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Ex: If you dry your clothing on the "high heat" setting, they may shrink.
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stable (adj.)
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firm and dependable; showing little change - มั่นคง, คงที่, ทรงตัว
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Ex: He fell because the ladder wasn't stable.
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adjust (v.)
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to change; to get accustomed to something
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Ex: Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone.
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arbitrary (adj.)
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chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason - (random) ที่ส่งเดช, ไม่มีกฎเกณฑ์, ซึ่งสุ่มทำ; (capricious) ตามอำเภอใจ, ที่พลการ
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Ex: The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns.
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denominator (n.)
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the number written below the line in a fraction - ตัวหาร
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Ex: In the fraction 1⁄2, the number 2 is the denominator.
Usage Tips: The phrase lowest common denominator means "the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share. |
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exponentially (adv.)
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at a very fast rate - อย่างกับยกกำลัง, อย่างรวดเร็วมาก
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Ex: In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the last several decades.
Usage Tips: exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an exponentially + is a number indicating how many times something is multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponentially + "3", indicating 4 × 4 × 4. |
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infinitesimal (adj.)
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immeasurably small - เล็กน้อยเหลือเกิน, เล็กจนวัดไม่ได้, เหลือที่จะวัด
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Ex: The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink.
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maximize (v.)
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to increase or make as great as possible
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Ex: A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.
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parallel (adj.)
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being an equal distance apart everywhere
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Ex: The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town.
Usage Tips: parallel is often followed by to. |
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proportion (n.)
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a part in relation to the whole - (portion) สัดส่วน; (in recipe) สัดส่วน
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Ex: The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails.
Usage Tips: proportion is often followed by of. |
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rate (n.)
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the cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time
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Ex: Postal rate + in Japan are among the highest in the world.
Usage Tips: Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day. |
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sequence (v.)
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to organize or arrange in succession
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Ex: Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes.
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accuracy (n.)
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precision; exactness - ความถูกต้องแม่นยำ
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Ex: The research department checks all our articles for accuracy of facts before we print them.
Usage Tips: accuracy is often followed by of. |
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adjacent (adj.)
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next to - ใกล้กัน, ติดต่อกัน, อยู่ข้างกัน
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Ex: Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents speak different languages.
Usage Tips: adjacent is often followed by to. |
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compress (v.)
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to press together - (squeeze) บีบ, อัด (into เข้าไป)
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Ex: To make the foundation stronger, they compress + the soil before pouring the concrete.
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feasibly (adv.)
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practically; in a way that can work - เป็นไปได้
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Ex: Scientists can't feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to where it is needed-on land.
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gut (v.)
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to empty or hollow out
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Ex: In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away all the old fixtures.
Usage Tips: gut also means "the stomach of an animal"; this verb makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal. |
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integrally (adv.)
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in a whole or complete manner - (of a whole) ทั้งหมด, ทั้งมวล,
(whole, complete) เต็ม, บริบูรณ์ |
Ex: Writing and spelling are taught integrally as part of the reading program.
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overlap (v.)
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to lie over part of something; to have elements in common
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Ex: One of the two assistants will likely get fired, since most of their duties in the office overlap .
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retain (v.)
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to keep or hold
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Ex: The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water.
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seep (v.)
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to pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might - ไหลซึม
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Ex: As the containers rusted, the toxic waste seep + into the ground.
Usage Tips: seep is often followed by into or through. |
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structure (n.)
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something constructed, such as a building - วิธีก่อสร้าง;โครงสร้าง; [Music] การเรียบเรียงส่วนต่างๆ เข้าด้วยกัน
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Ex: Most companies have a social structure that can't be understood by outsiders.
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circulate (v.)
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to move throughout an area or group; to move along a somewhat circular route - หมุนเวียน; (คน) วนไปรอบ; (ข่าว) เวียนไปทั่ว
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Ex: The gossip circulate + quickly through the small town.
Ex: Blood circulate + more quickly during physical exercise. Usage Tips: circulate is often followed by through. |
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corrode (v.)
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to be slowly weakened by chemical reactions - ทำให้กร่อน, กัดทำลาย (เหล็ก, หิน) ; [figurative] ค่อยๆ ทำลาย (ความหวัง)
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Ex: Sitting in salt water, the old coins corrode + and became very easy to break.
Usage Tips: A familiar kind of corrode + produces rust, the reddish coating on iron or steel that has been exposed to air and water. |
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derive (v.)
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to come from, usually through a long, slow process - ได้ บางสิ่ง จาก บางสิ่ง
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Ex: The Cyrillic alphabet was derive + from the Greek alphabet.
Usage Tips: derive is often followed by from. |
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detection (n.)
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discovering something that cannot easily be found
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Ex: With new medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easier nowadays.
Usage Tips: detection is often followed by an of phrase. |
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expeditiously (adv.)
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quickly and efficiently - ว่องไว (= prompt, quick, speed)
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Ex: Using carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged messages expeditiously.
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implement (v.)
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to make use of; to carry out
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Ex: Not until after the new software was installed could we implement the new filing system.
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installation (n.)
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setting something into position for use
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Ex: installation of the new software takes only four minutes.
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maintenance (n.)
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the act of keeping something in good condition
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Ex: The only problem with living in such a big house is that it requires a lot of maintenance.
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simulation (n.)
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an imitation or representation
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Ex: To test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulation +.
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innovative (adj.)
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ahead of the times; novel - เป็นของใหม่, ใช้ชีวิตใหม่
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Ex: The innovative use of props and lighting drew many favorable comments.
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combustion (n.)
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the process of burning
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Ex: When air quality is poor, combustion of materials in a fireplace is prohibited.
Usage Tips: combustion is often followed by of. |
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component (n.)
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one part of a system or whole
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Ex: Their home theater system has a number of separate component +.
Usage Tips: component is often followed or preceded by of. |
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convey (v.)
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to transport from one place to another; to transmit or make known
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Ex: A messenger convey + the prince's letter to the commander of the army.
Ex: The worst part about being a doctor was when she had to convey bad news to a family. |
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discretely (adv.)
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separately; distinctly - แยกออกต่างหาก, แยกออกเป็นตัวของตัวเอง
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Ex: In order to understand how the engine worked, each component needed to be studied discretely.
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nucleus (n.)
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a central or essential part around which other parts are gathered; a core - ศูนย์กลาง; (of collection) ส่วนกลางหรือของมีรูปกลมที่เป็นที่รวมของส่วนอื่นๆ
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Ex: The nucleus of many European cities is the town square.
Usage Tips: nucleus is often followed by of. |
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permeate (v.)
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to spread or flow through out ; to pass through or penetrate - (get into) ผ่าน; (pass through) ซึมผ่าน; (saturate) ชุ่มไปทั่ว
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Ex: The smell of cooking permeate + the entire apartment building.
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rotate (v.)
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to turn around; to take turns in sequence
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Ex: The planet rotate + on its axis once every 14 Earth days.
Ex: The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a weekly basis. |
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solar (adj.)
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of, or relating to, the sun - แห่งดวงอาทิตย์
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Ex: The ancient society kept time with a solar calendar.
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source (n.)
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the point of origin or creation
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Ex: The reporter was unable to identify the source of the information for his story.
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trigger (v.)
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to set off or initiate - ทำให้เกิดปฏิกิริยารุนแรง, ทำให้กระบวนการดำเนินการไป
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Ex: I was certain any mention of politics would trigger a big argument.
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acquisition (n.)
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the act of taking possession of something - การแสวงหา, การสะสมสมบัติ; (of goods, wealth, land) (การสะสม) ;
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Ex: Our recent acquisition of over 2,000 books makes ours the biggest library in the region.
Usage Tips: acquisition is often followed by of. |
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anomaly (n.)
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something unusual - ความผิดปกติ, สิ่งที่ผิดปกติ; (exception) ข้อยกเว้น
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Ex: White tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomaly.
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consciously (adv.)
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with awareness of one's actions - อย่างรู้ตัว, อย่างมีสติ
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Ex: He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so consciously.
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degrade (v.)
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to reduce in value or strength - ทำให้แตกสลายเป็นชิ้นเล็กชิ้นน้อย, สึกกร่อน
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Ex: The roads in cold or wet areas of the United States degrade faster than those in warm, sunny regions.
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gap (n.)
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opening; a big difference in amount or quality - ช่องว่าง; (in sparking plug) ระยะระหว่างขั้วไฟ
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Ex: The small gap between the walls in the old house caused cold drafts to come in.
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indisputable (adj.)
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beyond doubt; unquestionable - [อย่าง] โต้แย้งไม่ได้
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Ex: The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the facts of the case indisputable.
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intervene (v.)
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to come between - เข้ามาแทรกแซง เข้ามาเป็นคนกลาง
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Ex: A good mediator intervene + only as much as necessary to settle a dispute between other parties.
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intuitively (adv.)
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by means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe - อย่างสังหรณ์ใจ
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Ex: Many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their children.
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recede (v.)
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to move back or away from - (น้ำท่วม) ลดลง; (แนวชายฝั่ง) หายไป; (ศีรษะ) เถิก
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Ex: After the age of 30, his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead.
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retrieve (v.)
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to bring or get back - แก้ไข (การผิดพลาด) ; กอบกู้ (สถานการณ์),
หา/ค้นข้อมูลได้ |
Ex: Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have thrown.
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agnostic (adj.)
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believing that humans cannot know whether there is a god - แบบอไญยนิยาม
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Ex: His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.
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animism (n.)
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the belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls - คติถือผีสางเทวดา, วิญญาณนิยม
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Ex: Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds contain spirits.
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atheist (n.)
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one who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being - คนถือลัทธิอเทวนิยม, ผู้ที่เชื่อว่าไม่มีพระเจ้า
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Ex: He argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist.
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be inclined to (v.)
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to favor an opinion or a course of action - เพื่อสนับสนุนความคิดเห็นหรือแนวทางปฏิบัติ
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Ex: He couldn't say which candidate he favored, but he had always been inclined to + vote Republican.
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contemplate (v.)
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to consider thoughtfully - พิจารณา, ตรึกตรอง; (mentally) คิดใคร่ครวญ
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Ex: If you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete this project on time.
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deify (v.)
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to worship as a god - บูชาเป็นพระเจ้า (= apotheosize, exalt)
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Ex: When people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able to abuse power more easily.
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ecclesiastical (adj.)
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relating to a church - เกี่ยวกับศาสนาคริสต์, เกี่ยวกับพระ (ในศาสนาคริสต์)
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Ex: He was looking specifically for a university where he could study ecclesiastical history.
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exalt (v.)
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to praise or honor - ยกให้สูง
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Ex: He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife.
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pious (adj.)
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having or exhibiting religious reverence - เคร่งครัดในศาสนา, มีศรัทธาแก่กล้า
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Ex: Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens.
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sacrifice (v.)
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anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable later on - เสียสละ, บวงสรวง
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Ex: Every harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrifice + vegetables to their gods as a show of thanks.
Ex: In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life and his leisure time. |
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aggravate (v.)
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to make worse; to anger or intensify -เพิ่มความรุนแรง (การโต้แย้ง) ; ทำให้เลวร้ายลงไป (สถานการณ์)
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Ex: Running will aggravate your sore knees.
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decrepit (adj.)
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weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive use -เสื่อมสภาพไปตามอายุ; (dilapidated) (บ้าน) ผุพัง; (เมือง) เสื่อมโทรม
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Ex: The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless.
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disease (n.)
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an unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a long-term physical problem
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Ex: Thanks to developments in medicine, many once-fatal disease + can now be cured.
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fatally (adv.)
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causing death or disaster -อย่างร้ายแรงถึงชีวิต; (เสน่ห์) ที่เป็นอันตราย; (disastrously) อย่างย่อยยับ; (เจ็บ) อย่างสาหัส
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Ex: The soldier was fatally wounded in the battle.
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forensics (n.)
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the use of science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases -นิติเวชศาสตร์
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Ex: Advances in the study of forensics have made it much easier to identify criminals from very small traces of evidence.
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persist (v.)
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to continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any obstacle -(continue firmly) ทำต่ออย่างมั่นคง, ยืนกราน, ทะเยอทะยาน
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Ex: If your symptoms persist, you should go see a doctor.
Ex: Lola persist + in her efforts to become a lawyer. |
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prognosis (n.)
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an educated guess of how something will develop, especially a disease -(forecast) การพยากรณ์โรค
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Ex: The room fell silent when the doctor gave Senator Grebe a grim prognosis of months of treatment.
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terminal (adj.)
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located at an end; approaching death -ปลายสุด, ท้ายสุด; [Medicine] ที่ทำให้ถึงแก่ชีวิต, ใกล้จะเสียชีวิต
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Ex: The cancer ward at the hospital held both terminal and recovering patients.
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vein (n.)
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any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those that carry blood to the heart -เส้นเลือดที่นำโลหิตไปสู่หัวใจ; (in popular use: any blood vessel) หลอดเลือด, เส้นเลือด, สายเลือด
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Ex: She became fascinated with human anatomy, especially when she learned how vein + transport oxygen.
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wound (v.)
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to inflict an injury on -ทำให้เป็นแผลบาดเจ็บ; [figurative] มีผลกระทบ, ทำลาย
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Ex: Sometimes he didn't realize his sharp humor could wound as well as entertain.
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anesthesia (n.)
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techniques for reducing sensation and feeling, especially to control pain - การระงับความรู้สึก
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Ex: The Civil War was the first American war when anesthesia was widely used in surgery on soldiers.
Usage Tips: anesthesia and anesthesia + are often used interchangeably. |
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augment (v.)
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to make bigger or better by adding to -เพิ่ม (กำลัง, รายได้)
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Ex: In some types of popular cosmetic surgery people augment parts of their bodies.
Ex: The college augment + its course offerings because students complained that there were too few choices. |
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certifiably (adv.)
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in a manner that is officially recognized -สามารถพิสูจน์รับรองได้
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Ex: He couldn't be institutionalized until he was declared certifiably insane.
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complication (n.)
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a factor that makes something more difficult or complex
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Ex: The surgeons could not easily stop the bleeding because of complication + related to the patient's diabetes.
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cure (v.)
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to restore to health
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Ex: They say laughter can help cure many illnesses.
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implant (v.)
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to set in firmly; to insert in the body surgically - ใส่ลงไป (ในร่างกาย)
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Ex: The actress had cheek implant + to make her face look fuller.
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inject (v.)
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to insert a liquid by means of a syringe
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Ex: The doctor used a needle to inject the medicine slowly into her arm.
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obese (adj.)
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Excessively overweight -อ้วนมาก, อ้วนฉุ
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Ex: More Americans are obese now because U.S. culture encourages overeating and discourages exercise.
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procedure (n.)
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a specific way of performing or doing something
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Ex: The flight attendant explained the emergency evacuation procedure.
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scar (n.)
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a mark on the skin left after a wound has healed; a lasting sign of damage, either mental or physical - แผลเป็น
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Ex: The surgery was successful, but it left a large scar across her abdomen.
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astrological (adj.)
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related to the study of the position of stars, the sun, and the planets in the belief that they influence earthly events -เกี่ยวกับโหราศาสตร์
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Ex: Every day, Mona read her astrological forecast in the newspaper, and she was careful if the horoscope predicted trouble.
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divination (n.)
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foretelling the future by finding patterns in physical objects -(foreseeing) การทำนายอนาคต, การพยากรณ์อย่างแม่นยำ
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Ex: In Turkey, women offer divination + by reading the dregs from a coffee cup.
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haunt (v.)
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to continually appear (in the form of a ghost) in the same place or to the same person -(trouble) (ความหลัง, การคิด) รบกวน, กวนใจ
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Ex: Some say the ghost of Princess Hilda haunt + this castle, appearing as a headless form while she plays the piano.
Ex: The pictures of children dying in war have haunt + me for a long time. |
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horror (n.)
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strong fear mixed with disgust - ความเกลียดกลัว; (repugnance) ความเสียขวัญ, ความขยะแขยง
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Ex: On Halloween night, all the horror movies were rented out.
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intermediary (n.)
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acting as an agent between people or things - คนกลาง, คนไกล่เกลี่ย
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Ex: The plaintiff's lawyer suggested that they hire an intermediary to help them discuss their case.
Usage Tips: intermediary comes from the Latin words meaning "between the ways". |
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invoke (v.)
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to call on for support -(call on) ขอร้อง; (appeal to) อุทธรณ์, วิงวอน, เรียกร้อง, นำมาซึ่ง
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Ex: In many religions, believers invoke their god by holding out their hands.
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meditate (v.)
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to reflect; to think quietly and deeply for a long time -(consider) พิจารณา, ใคร่ครวญ; (design) คิดวางแผนในใจ
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Ex: Every morning, the monks meditate + for three hours in complete silence.
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phantom (n.)
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a dimly visible form, usually thought to be the spirit of a dead person, a sunken ship, etc. -(spectre) ผี; (image) ภาพลวงตา
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Ex: Many visitors reported seeing a phantom who appeared around the lake.
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psychic (adj.)
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relating to the supposed ability of the human mind to sense things that cannot be observed -เหนือธรรมชาติ, มหัศจรรย์;เกี่ยวกับเวทมนตร์หรือการเข้าฌาน, ลึกลับ, มีความหมายซ่อนเร้น
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Ex: The governor's assistant claimed to have unique psychic abilities enabling him to read people's minds.
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self-perpetuating (adj.)
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having the power to renew oneself for an indefinite period of time -ที่ธำรงตนให้อยู่ต่อโดยไม่มีการผลักดันภายนอก
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Ex: It is difficult to escape from a lie, as they are often self-perpetuating.
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assimilate (v.)
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to consume and incorporate; to become similar -(make like) ทำให้เหมือน, ทำให้กลมกลืน
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Ex: Not all of the overseas students could assimilate into the rigidly controlled school.
Usage Tips: assimilate is often followed by into. |
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cremation (n.)
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the act of burning the dead -การเผาศพ, ฌาปนกิจ
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Ex: cremation is particularly common in Japan, where land for burial is very limited.
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domesticate (v.)
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to make something suitable for being in a home (usually a plant or animal) -(naturalize) ปรับให้เข้ากับสภาพแวดล้อม (พืช)
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Ex: The Barnes family hoped to domesticate the tiger, but their neighbors were skeptical.
Usage Tips: The object of domesticate is usually a plant or animal. |
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folklore (n.)
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traditional myths of a people (beliefs, customs, and stories of a community) transmitted orally -(traditional beliefs) คติชาวบ้าน, ตำนานพื้นเมือง
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Ex: Through folklore, archaeologists have learned about the migration of Native Americans in North America.
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fossilize (v.)
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to become preserved in clay or stone or ash after death, so that a natural record is left of the original organism; to become rigid and stuck in old ways -ทำให้เป็นซากหิน; กลายเป็นซากหิน
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Ex: The dinosaur eggs had fossilize + over thousands of years.
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relic (n.)
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something left from a long-ago culture, time period, or person -(surviving trace or memorial)สิ่ง/ของตกทอดที่เป็นอนุสรณ์; (remains, residue) ซากศพ, ซากวัตถุโบราณ
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Ex: relic + of the war can still be found in the sand dunes along this shore.
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rite (n.)
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a ceremony meant to achieve a certain purpose -พิธีการทางศาสนา
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Ex: Many cultures have fertility rite + that supposedly make it more likely for women to bear children.
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ritually (adv.)
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as part of a traditional ceremony or habit - อย่างเป็นพิธีการ
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Ex: The children ritually kissed their parents on the cheek before bed.
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saga (n.)
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a long story about important events long ago; a long story of heroic achievement - เรื่องราวยืดยาว
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Ex: Many American families tell saga + about their ancestors' arrival in the United States.
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vestige (n.)
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a visible trace that something once existed - vestige - ร่องรอย, ชิ้นส่วนเล็กน้อย
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Ex: The wilted flowers were the only vestige of their romantic weekend.
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amend (v.)
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to change for the better -(correct) แก้ไข; (improve) ปรับปรุง (กฎหมาย, สถานการณ์, สัญญา)
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Ex: The residents voted to amend their neighborhood policy on fences.
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biased (adj.)
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leaning unfairly in one direction -ที่ซึ่งลำเอียง (= prejudiced) (↔ unbiased, unprejudiced)
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Ex: Her newspaper article was criticized for being heavily biased toward the mayor's proposal.
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burden (n.)
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something that is carried; a source of stress or worry -(load) น้ำหนักบรรทุก; [figurative] ภาระ
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Ex: The donkey walked slowly under the burden of its heavy load.
Ex: The failing company faced the burden of bad debts and a poor reputation. |
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counter (v.)
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to act in opposition to; to offer in response - โต้, ย้อน, กล่าวโต้
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Ex: The hockey player counter + the punch with a smashing blow from his hockey stick.
Ex: Jane counter + every accusation with a specific example of her achievements. |
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de facto (adj.)
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truly doing a job, even if not officially - มีอยู่จริง (จะโดยชอบธรรมหรือไม่ก็ตาม) ; โดยพฤตินัย
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Ex: Popular support established the Citizens Party as the de factogovernment.
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discriminate (v.)
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to choose carefully among options; make an unjust or prejudicial distinction in the treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the grounds of race, sex, or age -(distinguish, use discernment) จำแนก, เห็นความแตกต่าง, แยก
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Ex: The governor wisely discriminate + between urgent issues and those that could wait.
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notion (n.)
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A belief; a fanciful impulse, a conception of or belief about something; an impulse or desire, esp. one of a whimsical kind
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Ex: The notion that older office equipment is unreliable is inaccurate.
Ex: One morning, she suddenly took the notion to paint her kitchen red. Usage Tips: notion can be followed by a that clause or a to phrase. |
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oppress (v.)
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to keep down by force; to weigh heavily on, by the unjust exercise of authority -ปกครองอย่างโหดร้าย, กดขี่; (weigh down) (ความรู้สึก) ทำให้หดหู่ใจ; ทำให้หนักใจ; (ความร้อนอบอ้าว) ทรมานร่างกาย
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Ex: Factory management oppress + workers through intimidation.
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paradigm (n.)
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a pattern or model; a set of assumptions
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Ex: The usual paradigm for economic growth in developed countries does not apply to some poor nations.
Usage Tips: paradigm is often followed by for. |
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prejudiced (adj.)
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causing to judge prematurely and unfairly -มีอคติ (about, against เกี่ยวกับ)
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Ex: Many consumers are prejudiced + against commercial goods made in third-world countries.
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curriculum (n.)
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the courses of study offered by an educational institution
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Ex: The teachers met to design a new curriculum for the Intensive English Program.
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distinctly (adv.)
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in a way that is readily distinguishable by the senses; clearly - อย่างชัด, อย่างชัดเจน
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Ex: I distinctly remember saying that we would meet at noon.
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erudite (adj.)
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highly educated; having or showing great knowledge or learning -มีความรู้สูง, คงแก่เรียน, แสดงว่ามีภูมิรู้สูง
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Ex: Even though Stella was only a freshman, she was considered erudite by both her classmates and her professors.
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fortify (v.)
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to strengthen; protect against attack -สร้างสิ่งป้องกัน, เสริมกำลัง
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Ex: The high-priced drink had extra vitamins and minerals to fortify the body.
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implicitly (adv.)
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without being stated; unquestioningly; in a way that is not directly expressed -อย่างเป็นนัย
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Ex: By joining the competition, she agreed implicitly to the rules.
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parochial (adj.)
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restricted in outlook; relating to the local parish; small-minded, provincial, narrow, small-town - (ความคิด) แคบ
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Ex: Marla moved from her rural community to get away from its parochial thinking.
Ex: Sending your children to a parochial school can cost as much as sending them to college. |
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rigor (n.)
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strictness; difficult situations that come from following rules strictly - ความเข้มงวด, ความร้ายแรง
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Ex: The wrestler followed his diet with rigor.
Ex: The rigor + of military life toughened the young men quickly. |
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roster (n.)
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a list, especially of names -บัญชีรายชื่อ
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Ex: Two of the names on the roster were misspelled.
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secular (adj.)
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worldly rather than spiritual; not related to religion -ไม่เกี่ยวกับทางธรรม, ไม่ขึ้นต่อกฎเกณฑ์ทางศาสนา, เป็นเรื่องทางโลก, โลกวิสัย
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Ex: Few private schools in the United States are secular.
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suspend (v.)
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to cause to stop for a period; to hang as to allow free movement
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Ex: The trial was suspend + when the judge learned that one of the jury members knew the defense lawyer.
Ex: The circus acrobat was suspend + in midair. |
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allegiance (n.)
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loyalty, commitment -ความจงรักภักดี (to ต่อ)
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Ex: My allegiance to my country is based on respect for its principles.
Usage Tips: allegiance is commonly followed by a to phrase. |
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artillery (n.)
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large guns that shoot powerful shells; army units that handle such guns -ปืนใหญ่, กองพันทหารปืนใหญ่
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Ex: An artillery barrage broke down the city's thick walls within seconds.
Ex: The 47th artillery fired on rebels camped in the city center. Usage Tips: When it means a part of an army, artillery is sometimes plural. |
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battle (v.)
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to fight against
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Ex: The Viet Minh battle + French forces at Dien Bien Phu for nearly two months in 1954.
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cease (v.)
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stop
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Ex: The lightning continued even after the thunder had cease +.
Usage Tips: cease is found in official statements, not usually in everyday speech. |
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hierarchy (n.)
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a system of levels that places people high or low according to their importance
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Ex: Starting as a lowly private, Burt Jones gradually rose through the hierarchy of the army.
Usage Tips: hierarchy is often followed by an of phrase. |
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in the trenches (adv'l.)
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in the middle of the hardest fighting or work
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Ex: With their unrealistic view of this war, our generals don't know what things are like out in the trenches.
Usage Tips: in the trenches creates an image of soldiers fighting in a long, dug-out place in the battlefield. |
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mobilize (v.)
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to put members of a group into motion -(render movable or effective) ทำให้เคลื่อนที่ได้; เกณฑ์, ระดมพล
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Ex: After a terrible storm, the governor mobilize + the National Guard to rescue victims.
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rank (v.)
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to put into a many-leveled order, depending on importance or achievement - (arrange) จัดเข้าแถว, จัดอันดับ; มีตำแหน่ง, ยศเหนือกว่า
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Ex: The Marines rank + Jim Hurst highest among all their officer candidates.
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ratio (n.)
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the relationship of one number or amount to another
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Ex: Military analysts say that the ratio of attackers to defenders in a battle should be about three to one for the attackers to win.
Usage Tips: ratio is very often followed by an of ... to structure. |
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strategic (adj.)
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related to long-term plans for achieving a goal -เกี่ยวกับยุทธศาสตร์
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Ex: United States has formed strategic friendships with Tajikistan and Mongolia to have Central Asian bases in the future.
Usage Tips: strategic is often used with nouns for plans. |
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annex (v.)
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to make something (usually land) part of another unit -(add) เพิ่ม, ต่อเติม (อาคาร) ; (append) แนบท้าย, ผนวก
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Ex: Bardstown grew by annex + several farms at the north edge of town.
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apex (n.)
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the highest point -ปลาย, ยอด; (of heart, lung, etc.) ยอดบนของหัวใจ, ปอด; [figurative] จุดสูงสุด
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Ex: Gregory knew that his running skills had to be at their apex during the tournament.
Usage Tips: apex is often used to describe the high point of someone's abilities. |
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collapse (v.)
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to fall down, usually because of weakness
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Ex: The roof collapse + on top of me.
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conquest (n.)
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a takeover by force or continued effort -การพิชิต
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Ex: The first recorded conquest of Mt. Everest was by Tensing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hilary.
Usage Tips: conquest is usually followed by an of phrase. |
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devise (v.)
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to find an original way to make an object or a plan -(plan) วางแผนอย่างรัดกุม; ออกแบบ (ชุด)
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Ex: The soldiers devise a way to cross the river into enemy territory without being seen.
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invasive (adj.)
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aggressively entering into someone else's territory -ที่เป็นการรุกราน (= offensive)
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Ex: Surgery with a laser is less invasive than surgery with a knife or scalpel.
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prevailing (adj.)
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strongest or most common -(common) ธรรมดาสามัญ
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Ex: Theprevailing attitude among our neighbors is to be friendly but not too friendly.
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resist (v.)
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to refuse to give in to a strong force or desire -(withstand action of) ต่อต้าน, ต้านทาน
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Ex: Although many native nations resist +, the U.S. government eventually took over almost all Indian land.
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severely (adv.)
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harshly; extremely -อย่างรุนแรง, อย่างเคร่งครัด, อย่างโหดเหี้ยม
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Ex: Commanders severely punished any soldier who criticized the battle plan.
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violation (n.)
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an action that breaks a law or agreement; mistreatment of something that deserves respect -การฝ่าฝืน, การละเมิด
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Ex: The army's testing of new weapons was a violation of the cease-fire agreement.
Ex: The sculptures at Mt. Rushmore may be a violation of sacred Indian land. Usage Tips: violation is often followed by an of phrase. |
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chronologically (adv.)
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in order according to time - ตามลำดับ
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Ex: Allen's book is arranged chronologically, from the First Crusade in 1095 to the fall of Granada in 1492.
Usage Tips: chronologically is often used with arranged, organized, listed, or some other word for order. |
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coincide (v.)
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happen or exist at the same time -(in space) เกิดขึ้นที่เดียวกัน;(in time) เกิดขึ้นในเวลาเดียวกัน
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Ex: The Viking attacks on western Europe coincide + with an abnormally warm period in the Earth's climate.
Usage Tips: coincide is often followed by a with phrase. |
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consequence (n.)
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a result, often one much later in time than the cause
|
Ex: One consequence of global warming may be the flooding of low lying islands.
Usage Tips: consequence usually implies something negative or serious about the result. |
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core (n.)
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an area or object at the center
|
Ex: The core of India's film industry is in Bombay, where all but a few film studios are located.
Usage Tips: core is often followed by another noun (e.g., core principle) or by an of phrase. |
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deny (v.)
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say that something is not true
|
Ex: Movie star Allen Butcher deny + that he and the Princess of Denmark were getting married.
Usage Tips: deny is often followed by the -ing form of a verb or by a that clause. |
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diminish (v.)
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make something smaller or weaker; become smaller or weaker -เล็กลง; (จำนวน) ลดน้อยลง; (อิทธิพล, อำนาจ) อ่อนลง; (ค่า, ความหมาย) ลดลง
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Ex: The Protestant Reformation diminish + the power of the Roman Catholic Pope.
Ex: Mr. Partridge's influence in the company diminish + after he relocated to a branch office. |
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longitude (n.)
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a system of imaginary lines running from north to south along the Earth's surface, where each line is numbered from 0° to 180° west or east -[Geography] เส้นลองติจูด (ท.ศ.), เส้นแวง
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Ex: The prime meridian, a line running through Greenwich, England, is marked as 0° longitude.
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milieu (n.)
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general environment or surroundings -สิ่งแวดล้อม, สังคมรอบข้าง
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Ex: Many Vietnam veterans did not feel comfortable in the antiwar social milieu of the 1970s.
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Orwellian (adj.)
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frightening and overcontrolled by a government that interferes in nearly every aspect of personal life -น่ากลัวและควบคุมโดยรัฐบาลที่แทรกแซงในเกือบทุกแง่มุมของชีวิตส่วนตัว
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Ex: Biometric devices like eye-scanners allow an Orwellian level of government knowledge about everyone's location.
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reconciliation (n.)
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coming back together peacefully after having been enemies -restoring to friendship) การคืนดีกัน;(making compatible) การปรองดองกัน
|
Ex: South Africa avoided a bloodbath after apartheid by setting up a Truth and reconciliation Commission.
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allocate (v.)
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to give out different amounts for different purposes
|
Ex: The budget allocate + billion to the military and only about billion to education.
Usage Tips: Things that can be allocate + are things that can be "spent"; money, time, energy, etc. |
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commodity (n.)
|
a thing that can be bought and sold, such as grain, oil, or wood - งของที่เป็นประโยชน์, โภคภัณฑ์; (not luxury) ของใช้, สิ่งที่ไม่หรูหรา
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Ex: Tulip bulbs were one of the most valuable commodity + in seventeenth-century Holland.
Usage Tips: A thing is called a commodity only in the context of buying or selling it. |
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decline (v.)
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to decrease in power or amount; politely refuse - (fall off) ลดลง, ตกลง; (ศีลธรรม, ราคา, จำนวน) ถดถอยลง; (สุขภาพ) ทรุดโทรมลง; (ความมั่นคง, วัฒนธรรม) เสื่อมโทรม
|
Ex: America's railroads decline + because the automobile dominated American life.
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equity (n.)
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the value of one's share in an investment - มูลค่าของหุ้น, หุ้นทุน
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Ex: Barnard's equity in the business was one-third, or about
Usage Tips: In this meaning, equity is always singular and usually followed by an in phrase. |
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inflation (n.)
|
a situation in which prices for many items rise quite fast - สภาพเงินเฟ้อ
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Ex: During the rapid inflation of the 1970s, prices for food and fuel sometimes rose 20 percent in a single month.
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net (adj.)
|
after all costs have been subtracted from an amount - (free from deduction) ราคาสุทธิ, ราคาขาดตัว
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Ex: My gross salary is around but my net pay is closer to
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per capita (adv.)
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for each person - ต่อหัว
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Ex: Research shows we're likely to sell 15 light bulbs per capita per year in medium-sized cities.
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regulate (v.)
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control according to a set of rules - (control) ควบคุม; (subject to restriction) ทำให้เป็นระเบียบ
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Ex: Trading on the NewYork Stock Exchange is regulate + by officials of the exchange and by federal law.
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subsidy (n.)
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money given by a government or other organization to support an activity - เงินช่วยเหลือ
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Ex: Federal subsidy + to grain farmers have helped them stay in business despite three years of bad weather.
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tangible (adj.)
|
obviously real because it can be seen, touched, or otherwise observed - (perceptible by touch) สัมผัสได้, จับต้องได้; (real, definite) มีตัวตน, แท้จริง, มีรูปร่าง, แน่นอน
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Ex: One tangible benefit of putting electrical cables underground is a clearer view of the sky.
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accumulate (v.)
|
to build up a large amount of something
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Ex: Over several generations, the Hardington family accumulate + vast wealth by buying and selling land.
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affluence (n.)
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wealth and the style of life that goes with it - (wealth) ความมั่งคั่ง
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Ex: Mohadzir grew up amid affluence, which poorly prepared him for his grad student days in crowded apartments with no servants.
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elite (adj.)
|
belonging to a special, honored group; a group of people considered (by others or themselves) to be the best in a particular society or category, esp. because of their power, talent, or wealth - ซึ่งจำกัดไว้ให้เฉพาะคนรวยหรือคนที่มีอภิสิทธิ์
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Ex: Messner is an elite climber who recently ascended an 8,000-meter mountain without extra oxygen.
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impoverish (v.)
|
to make a person or group poor - ทำให้ยากจน
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Ex: The collapse of the steel industry impoverish + several counties in eastern Ohio.
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luxury (n.)
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Extreme comfort, beyond what anyone needs
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Ex: Automakers try to give their cars an image of luxury by including extras like heated seats and satellite tracking systems.
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nobility (n.)
|
a group of socially prominent people with special titles given by a king or queen, such as "duke" or "countess" - ชนชั้นผู้ดี, สังคมชั้นสูง
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Ex: In the Middle Ages, the nobility supposedly followed a code that required them to take care of poorer people who lived near their estates.
Usage Tips: nobility is used as a name for a group of distinguished people; it can also mean "a highly dignified form of behavior". |
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prestige (n.)
|
honor and respect for being better than the average - ชื่อเสียง, อิทธิพล, ความเคารพ
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Ex: The Grassleys enjoyed the prestige of living in the historic town, but they did not feel at home there.
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privileged (adj.)
|
able to enjoy special advantages because of one's position (usually because of being born into a wealthy or powerful family); having special rights, advantages, or immunities - เป็นเกียรติ, มีอภิสิทธิ์
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Ex: Despite his privileged + position in one of America's most powerful families, the politician tried to portray himself as an ordinary person.
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prosper (v.)
|
to do very well in one's business or personal life - เจริญ, (ศิลปะ) รุ่งเรือง; (บริษัท) ประสบความสำเร็จ
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Ex: Vargas prosper + after finally patenting his new inventions.
Usage Tips: A person can prosper; so can a group, a company, or an area. |
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working class (n.)
|
people with low-paying (often unskilled) jobs who are not poor but who are not securely in the middle class -ชนชั้นกรรมาชีพ
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Ex: The Farrelly family, like other members of the working class, were proud of their jobs and did not want any handouts from charity or the government.
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acquire (v.)
|
to get something, usually something with special value or meaning -ได้มา (ที่ดิน, ทรัพย์สิน) ; ได้ (ประสบการณ์)
|
Ex: Bart hoped to acquire the 1898 D Indian Head penny, which would make his collection complete.
Usage Tips: Unlike get, acquire implies that a possession has special value or meaning. |
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assess (v.)
|
to estimate the value of something
|
Ex: The Barnes building was assess + at million, but it can probably sell for much more than that.
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asset (n.)
|
a possession that has positive value -สินทรัพย์, (useful quality) คุณสมบัติ
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Ex: The school is a asset to the community.
Usage Tips: Some examples of asset + are real estate, cash, and stock shares. |
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hazardous (adj.)
|
dangerous
|
Ex: Parents have to be careful not to buy children's clothes and toys made of hazardous materials.
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jointly (adv.)
|
together with one or more other parties - อย่างมีส่วนร่วม
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Ex: In most states, a husband and wife are assumed to own all their possessions jointly.
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lease (v.)
|
to rent something for a long time (several months or years) - (of land, business premises) สัญญาเช่า; (of house, flat, office) สัญญาเช่า
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Ex: Some drivers prefer to lease a car rather than buy one.
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liability (n.)
|
Legal responsibility for harming a person or property; a person or thing whose presence or behavior is likely to cause embarrassment or put one at a disadvantage - (legal obligation) พันธุกรรม, สิ่งที่บังคับทางกฎหมาย, ความรับผิด
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Ex: Before you go river rafting, you sign a document releasing the trip leaders from liability in case of injury.
Ex: Henderson is just a liability to our work team, because he never finishes anything on time. Usage Tips: In its second meaning, liability is often followed by a to phrase. |
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proprietor (n.)
|
owner, usually of a business or a building - เจ้าของ (ทรัพย์สิน, กิจการ)
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Ex: The proprietor of Hekman's Windows is Nels Hekman, grandson of the people who established the factory.
Usage Tips: Very often, proprietor is followed by an of phrase. |
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safeguard (v.)
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to protect ; protect from harm or damage with an appropriate measure: -คุ้มกัน
|
Ex: A burglar-alarm system safeguard + our house when we go away on vacation.
Usage Tips: safeguard implies continuous protection over a long time. |
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sole (adj.)
|
only
|
Ex: Many people have wanted to invest in Harry's publishing business, but he remains the sole owner.
Usage Tips: sole almost always appears before the noun it modifies. It does not come after a linking verb like be. |
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compensate (v.)
|
to give an employee money or other things in exchange for the work he or she does - ชดเชยสำหรับ บางสิ่ง
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Ex: My pay doesn't properly compensate me for my efforts, but my other benefits, like health insurance, fill in the gap.
Usage Tips: compensate is often followed by a for phrase. |
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dynamic (adj.)
|
full of energy, activity, or progress - [อย่าง] เต็มเปี่ยมด้วยพละกำลัง, มีพลัง
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Ex: This job requires a dynamic person, someone who will look for opportunities instead of just waiting around for them.
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enterprising (adj.)
|
creative in thinking of ways to make money
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Ex: Immigrants are often among the most enterprising members of society, partly because anyone brave enough to make an overseas move is likely to be a risk-taker.
Usage Tips: There is no verb "to enterprising +". |
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exploit (v.)
|
to take advantage of; to treat inconsiderately in order to profit; make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource) -ใช้ประโยชน์, ตักตวงประโยชน์ (จากสถานการณ์); (utilize) นำมาใช้ (ทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ, แหล่งน้ำมัน)
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Ex: The company tried to exploit the low interest rates to expand operations.
Usage Tips: The foreign mining company exploit + our copper resources and then simply left. |
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incentive (n.)
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a possible benefit that motivates a person to do a certain thing -(motivation) แรงกระตุ้น, เครื่องกระตุ้น, สิ่งดลใจ
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Ex: This city's willingness to support its public schools gave us an incentive to move here with our two young children.
Usage Tips: incentive is usually followed by a to phrase. |
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industrious (adj.)
|
willing to work hard -ขยัน; (busy) ยุ่ง, ทำโน่นทำนี่
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Ex: The Dutch settlements in Ottawa County were founded by industrious farmers who objected to frivolous behavior such as dancing.
Usage Tips: Only people can be industrious; companies cannot. |
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marginal (adj.)
|
not very significant or effective - ร่อแร่, แทบจะไม่พอเพียง
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Ex: Our new advertising campaign had only marginal success, raising sales by a mere 3 percent.
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merit (n.)
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value; success based on one's work, not on luck -(worth) คุณความดี
|
Ex: Pay raises at our company are based on merit, as determined by a committee of managers.
Usage Tips: merit is uncountable. |
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promote (v.)
|
to move someone to a higher position in a company -(advance) เลื่อนขั้น/ชั้น
|
Ex: Because of his excellent handling of the Vredeman account, Jim Harris was promote + to vice president.
Usage Tips: promote is very often followed by a to phrase indicating the position one has been moved up to. |
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resign (v.)
|
to quit one's job -(hand over) ลาออก (จากตำแหน่ง) ; สละ (สิทธิ)
|
Ex: Because of controversy over his leadership style, Morton resign+ from his job as president.
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distill (v.)
|
to remove one liquid from a mixture of liquids by boiling; to get something valuable from a confusing mix of ideas -กลั่น (น้ำ, เหล้า)
|
Ex: The forest peoples of Southeast Asia distill an alcoholic drink called arak from a paste of palm berries.
Ex: Most students are confused by her lectures, but Joe can always distill her main idea. |
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entrepreneurial (adj.)
|
able to create business opportunities from a wide variety of circumstances
|
Ex: Many engineers of the 1970s made great computers, but only a few were entrepreneurial enough to see the business possibilities in the new machines.
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extract (v.)
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to take out -เอาออกมา, ถอน (ฟัน) ; ดึง (หนาม) ออกมา
|
Ex: International mining companies came to the Malay Peninsula to extract the region's massive tin deposits.
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haggle (v.)
|
To argue back and forth about a price -ต่อปากต่อคำ (over, about เกี่ยวกับ); (over price) ต่อรองราคา
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Ex: The customer and the shopkeeper haggle+ over the silver plate for more than an hour.
Usage Tips: haggle is often followed by a phrase with over or about. |
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intrepid (adj.)
|
fearless -[อย่าง] กล้าหาญ, [อย่าง] ทรหด
|
Ex: For nearly 200 years, only the most intrepid colonists would cross the Appalachian Mountains.
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merchant (n.)
|
a person who makes a living by selling things -(trader) พ่อค้า
|
Ex: The spice merchant+ of the eastern markets charged top prices to the Dutch and British sailors, who had come too far to sail away without buying.
Usage Tips: The word merchant might be preceded by another noun telling what the merchant sells (e.g., spice merchant or wine merchant). |
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proportionately (adv.)
|
in an amount appropriate to each of several recipients -อย่างสอดคล้อง (= correspondingly)
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Ex: The food aid was distributed proportionately per family, with larger families receiving more.
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prototype (n.)
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the first one made of a machine or system -ต้นแบบ, แม่แบบ
|
Ex: The airplane manufacturer uses robots to test every prototype, just in case there is a problem with the design.
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reward (n.)
|
something one gets for having done well -สิ่งตอบแทน, รางวัล; (for kindness) รางวัลตอบแทน; (recog-nition of merit etc.) สิ่งแสดงคุณงามความดี
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Ex: The greatest reward of being a parent is to see your child make a wise decision.
Usage Tips: reward might be followed by an of or for phrase naming what one has done well. |
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shuttle (v.)
|
to move back and forth often between two places -(in loom, sewing machine) กระสวย
|
Ex: The small jet shuttle+ between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore nearly every two hours.
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advocate (v.)
|
to speak out in favor of something; publicly recommend or support -(of a cause) ผู้สนับสนุน, ผู้ส่งเสริม; (for a person) ผู้แก้ต่าง; [Law] (professional pleader) ทนายความ
|
Ex: Some environmentalists advocate removing large dams from the Columbia River.
Usage Tips: advocate is usually followed by a term for a process or action, very often the -ing form of a verb |
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authority (n.)
|
the power to make decisions, to tell others what to do.
|
Ex: The governor has the authority to call the legislature together for emergency sessions.
Usage Tips: A to phrase often follows authority. |
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bitterly (adv.)
|
strongly and with a lot of bad feelings -อย่างเจ็บปวด, อย่างขมขื่น, อย่างร้ายแรง
|
Ex: Senator Thomas bitterly opposed the movement to design a new state flag.
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candidate (n.)
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someone who wants to be chosen, especially in an election, for a position
|
Ex: In most U.S. elections, there are only two major-party candidates for president.
Usage Tips: candidate is often followed by a for phrase. |
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coalition (n.)
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a group of several different groups or countries that are working together to achieve a certain goal.- การรวมกลุ่มพรรคการเมือง, การรวมตัว
|
Ex: Several local churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples formed a coalition to promote understanding among people of different religions.
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contest (v.)
|
to challenge; oppose (an action, decision, or theory) as mistaken or wrong -(competition) การแข่งขัน, การชิงชัย
|
Ex: Dave Roper, who narrowly lost the mayor's race, contest + the results, demanding a recount of the votes.
Usage Tips: The noun contest can mean a game, especially one played for a prize. |
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election (n.)
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a process in which people choose officials
|
Ex: Because of problems with vote-counting four years ago, international observers monitored this year's election to make sure it was fair.
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inaugurate (v.)
|
to bring into public office; to start formally -(admit to office) เข้ารับตำแหน่งเป็นทางการ;(officially open) เปิดเป็นทางการ;
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Ex: The U.S. president is elected in November but is not inaugurate + until the following January.
Ex: An effort to bring electric service to farms and small towns was inaugurate + with the Rural Electrification Act of 1936. Usage Tips: When it means "bring into public office," inaugurate is usually in the passive voice. |
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policy (n.)
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an approved way for approaching a certain kind of situation
|
Ex: The policy said that government money could not be given to any private hospital.
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poll (v.)
|
to find out a small group's opinion so that you can guess what a much larger group thinks - (voting) การลงคะแนนเสียง; (to elect sb.) การลงคะแนนเสียงเลือกบุคคล; (result of vote) ผลของการลงคะแนนเสียง; (number of votes) จำนวนคะแนนเสียง
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Ex: The newspaper poll + 500 registered voters and found that only 27 percent were in favor of expanding the city zoo.
|
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accuse (v.)
|
to say that someone did something wrong (e.g., committed a crime) -(charge) กล่าวหา; (law (indict)) กล่าวโทษ
|
Ex: Jordan was accuse + of using a stolen credit card to buy about worth of electronic equipment.
Usage Tips: accuse is often used in the passive voice. |
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allegedly (adv.)
|
according to what people say, although there is no proof -ถูกกล่าวหา (= assertedly)
|
Ex: The chief financial officer of the company allegedly took company money for his personal use.
|
|
civil (adj.)
|
involving a dispute between two citizens, not a criminal charge -ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับข้อพิพาทระหว่างประชาชนสองคนไม่ใช่ความผิดทางอาญา; [Law] เกี่ยวกับกฎหมายแพ่ง
|
Ex: in a civil suit against his neighbor, Barney claimed that the neighbor's dog had bitten him.
Usage Tips: In a court context, civil almost always appears in one of the following phrases: civil suit, civil action, civil court, civil proceedings, and civil penalties. |
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convict (v.)
|
to decide that someone is guilty of a crime; declare (someone) to be guilty of a criminal offense -(declare guilty) ตัดสินว่ากระทำผิด
|
Ex: Dean was convict + of assault after the jury saw a video of him striking another man.
Usage Tips: convict is often used in the passive voice. |
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guilty (adj.)
|
responsible for doing something bad - มีความผิด; (prompted by guilt) (สีหน้า, นัยน์ตา) ส่อพิรุธ, ลนลาน
|
Ex: The jury found that the director was guilty of embezzlement.
Usage Tips: guilty is often followed by an of phrase that names a crime or bad deed. |
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offense (n.)
|
a specific act that breaks the law - การกระทำผิดทางกฏหมาย
|
Ex: Convicted twice of reckless driving, Victor will lose his license if he commits another serious traffic offense.
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peer (n.)
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a person who is one's social equal; a person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person - คนที่เท่าเทียมกัน
|
Ex: In requiring judgment by "a jury of one's peer +," U.S. law meant to protect lower-class defendants from the possibly biased judgment of upper-class juries.
|
|
suspect (n.)
|
someone who, in the opinion of the police, might have committed a certain crime -(imagine to be likely) สงสัย, ระแวง
|
Ex: The police were investigating the activities of five suspect + in the liquor-store robbery.
|
|
verdict (n.)
|
a judgment in a court case - คำตัดสิน [ของคณะลูกขุน]; (judgement) คำตัดสิน; (decision) การตัดสินใจ, การลงความเห็น
|
Ex: It took the jury only 30 minutes to reach a verdict of "guilty."
Usage Tips: verdict is often the object of the verbs reach or arrive at. |
|
witness (v.)
|
to see something, especially a crime, happen -(attest genuineness of) เป็นพยานยืนยัน (ลายเซ็น, เอกสาร, ความถูกต้อง)
|
Ex: After witness + the car theft, Rodney called the police.
|
|
apprehend (v.)
|
to capture; understand or perceive - (perceive) ตระหนักถึง, เข้าใจ (ความจริง) ; (understand) เข้าใจ (ความหมาย) ; ได้ยิน (เสียง, คำพูด)
|
Ex: The police apprehend + the robbery suspect as he tried to get on a bus to Chicago.
|
|
ascertain (v.)
|
to make sure of - สืบหาข้อเท็จจริง, สืบให้รู้แน่ (ข้อเท็จจริง, ข้อมูล)
|
Ex: The police failed to ascertain that the man they arrested was the Gregory Brown they were really looking for.
Usage Tips: ascertain is often followed by a that clause. |
|
bureaucratic (adj.)
|
related to a large organization with a lot of complicated procedures
|
Ex: Before I could speak with the chief, I had to go through a bureaucratic run around of identity checks and written requests.
Usage Tips: bureaucratic implies that something is inefficient and unnecessarily complicated. |
|
condemn (v.)
|
to speak out against something in very strong terms; express complete disapproval of -(censure) ประณาม, วิพากษ์วิจารณ์ในทางไม่ดี
|
Ex: Religious radicals condemn + the government for allowing alcohol to be sold in restaurants.
|
|
evidence (n.)
|
something that makes the truth of a statement seem more likely
|
Ex: The most convincing evidence that Garner robbed the store was a videotape from surveillance cameras.
|
|
implicate (v.)
|
to suggest that someone was involved in a crime or other wrong behavior; convey (a meaning or intention) indirectly through what one says -(show to be involved) พัวพัน, เกี่ยวข้อง
|
Ex: No group claimed responsibility for the bombing, but the type of explosive used implicate + the Heartland Freedom Militia.
Usage Tips: implicate is often followed by in. |
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inquiry (n.)
|
an investigation; an act of asking for information
|
Ex: The FBI launched an inquiry into the relationship between organized crime and the trucking company.
|
|
intrusively (adv.)
|
in a way that brings an unwanted person or thing into someone else's affairs -อย่างก้าวก่าย
|
Ex: The new consultant from company headquarters appeared intrusively at meetings, staff parties, and other functions where he was not wanted.
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|
seize (v.)
|
to take something against its owner's will -ยึด, จับ, ฉวย
|
Ex: Federal agents can seize private homes and other property possibly used in the production or sale of illegal drugs.
|
|
surveillance (n.)
|
a process of watching something or someone for a long time, usually because the person is suspected of something -การเฝ้ามอง, การตรวจตรา
|
Ex: Police surveillance of one suspected car thief resulted in the arrest of a whole gang of carjackers.
Usage Tips: surveillance is often followed by an of phrase. |
|
analyze (v.)
|
to examine something by looking at its parts
|
Ex: Chemists analyze + the white powder and found it to be only a mixture of sugar and salt.
|
|
assail (v.)
|
to attack or criticize forcefully -โจมตีอย่างเต็มกำลัง, รุกราน
|
Ex: With DNA evidence from the crime scene, the defense lawyer assail + the police for falsely arresting his client.
|
|
contrary (adj.)
|
opposite -ซึ่งขัดแย้ง
|
Ex: contrary to most studies, Dr. Ito's work shows the world's climate is not getting warmer.
Usage Tips: Common phrases are contrary to and on the contrary. |
|
hypothesize (v.)
|
to make a guess, the correctness of which will eventually be investigated systematically. -ทึกทักเอาว่า (= presume, suppose)
|
Ex: Scientists hypothesize that planets capable of supporting life exist beyond our solar system, but they have not yet seen any.
Usage Tips: hypothesize is often followed by a that clause. |
|
impair (v.)
|
to make something less effective than usual -(damage) ทำให้ชำรุด, (weaken) ทำให้เสื่อม, อ่อนแอลง
|
Ex: The snow impair + John's ability to hear anyone's footsteps.
Usage Tips: The object of impair is often [someone's] ability to. |
|
inference (n.)
|
a conclusion drawn from evidence - ข้อยุติ, ผลสรุป, ข้อวินิจฉัย
|
Ex: Inspector Dowd's inference that Ms. Miller was South African was based on her accent.
|
|
objectively (adv.)
|
based on unbiased standards, not on personal opinion -อย่างไม่มีอคติ, อย่างมีตัวตนจริง
|
Ex: I don't like Mr. Rowan, but looking objectively at his sales numbers, I saw that he was a very valuable employee.
|
|
suspicious (adj.)
|
believing that something is wrong; acting in a way that makes people believe you have done something wrong - (arousing suspicion) น่าสงสัย
|
Ex: The neighbors became suspicious of Jim when he bought a big new car and some fancy clothes.
Ex: Jim's suspicious purchases made his neighbors think he might be getting money illegally. |
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tolerate (v.)
|
to avoid getting upset about something -ทนทาน, รับได้
|
Ex: My math teacher tolerate+ a lot of talking in her class, but my history teacher tells us to be quiet.
|
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versus (prep.)
|
against (esp. in sports and legal use) - ประชันกับ, เปรียบเทียบกับ
|
Ex: In the debate, it was pro-war senators versus antiwar senators.
Usage Tips: versus is often abbreviated as versus+ in sports contexts, or simply versus+ in legal contexts. |
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bribery (n.)
|
giving money or other gifts to a government official or other person in authority in order to get special privileges -การให้/รับสินบน
|
Ex: bribery of police officers is common in countries where police salaries are very low.
|
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cynically (adv.)
|
disrespectfully; emphasizing the weaknesses of otherwise respected things - เหยียดหยาม
|
Ex: Employees of the Roadways Department cynically referred to their boss as "the banker" because he took so many bribes.
|
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erode (v.)
|
to wear away and become smaller -(น้ำ, ลม, ฝน, น้ำแข็ง) กัดเซาะ; (สนิม, กรด) กัดกร่อนทำลาย
|
Ex: People's respect for the government erode+ as more officials were arrested for corruption.
Usage Tips: erode can be intransitive (the beach erode+) or transitive (the waves erode+ the beach). |
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evade (v.)
|
to get away from something that tries to catch you - หลบหลีก (การชกต่อย, ปัญหา, คำถาม, ความยากลำบากใดๆ) ; หลบเลี่ยง (การจ่ายภาษี, หน้าที่, ความรับผิดชอบฯลฯ) ; หลบหนี (ตำรวจ, คำสั่ง)
|
Ex: The robbery suspects tried to evade the police by fleeing to Canada.
|
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grotesque (adj.)
|
Extremely unattractive, in a way that catches a lot of attention; comically or repulsively ugly or distorted -บิดเบี้ยว, พิกลพิการ
|
Ex: Spending million to redecorate the governor's house is a grotesque misuse of public money.
|
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integrity (n.)
|
personal honesty and good character -(uprightness, honesty) ความซื่อตรง, ความซื่อสัตย์, บูรณภาพ (ร.บ.); (of business, venture) การมีหลักการ; (of style) มีลักษณะชัดเจน
|
Ex: We don't have a problem with our employees stealing from the store because we hire only people with a lot of integrity.
|
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prevalent (adj.)
|
common; easy to find because it exists in great amounts -(existing) มีอยู่ทั่วไป, ที่แพร่หลาย
|
Ex: Distrust of elected officials was prevalent in our county because many of them were friends with certain candidates.
|
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reform (v.)
|
to make big improvements (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) - (make better) ทำให้ดีขึ้น (นิสัย, พฤติกรรม) ; ปฏิรูป (องค์กร)
|
Ex: The new law was an attempt to reform the system of giving money to political candidates.
|
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scandal (n.)
|
a case of wrongdoing that hurts someone's reputation - เรื่องอื้อฉาว (about, of เกี่ยวกับ)
|
Ex: In the Watergate scandal, some of the president's top advisors were revealed to be criminals.
|
|
unmask (v.)
|
reveal; expose something that is hidden - ถอดหน้ากากของ บางคน ออก; [figurative] เปิดโปง บางคน/กระชากหน้ากากของ บางคน
|
Ex: The Forge Trucking Company was eventually unmask+ as a front for organized crime.
|
|
abduction (n.)
|
kidnapping; the action or an instance of forcibly taking someone away against their will -การลักพาตัว
|
Ex: Pirates got many crew members by abduction, snatching unlucky citizens from seaport towns.
|
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coerce (v.)
|
to force; to put pressure on someone to do something - บีบบังคับ
|
Ex: A criminal's confession is not usable in court if the police coerce him or her into giving it.
|
|
detain (v.)
|
to prevent someone, for a relatively short time, from going on their way - (keep in confinement) กักขัง,(take into confinement) จับตัว
|
Ex: The police detain+ at least 20 men for questioning, but charged none of them with a crime.
|
|
deviant (adj.)
|
in a style that is not normal and is offensive to many - ผิดปกติ, ผิดธรรมชาติ (โดยเฉพาะการปฏิบัติทางเพศ)
|
Ex: The artist based his reputation on creating deviant works of art that disgusted most of the public.
Usage Tips: deviant always implies a bad opinion of someone or something. |
|
distort (v.)
|
to twist or misrepresent; to make something seem different from what it really is - ทำให้บิดเบี้ยว (หน้าตา, สิ่งของ) ; (โรค, รูปภาพ) ทำให้ผิดสัดส่วน; (กระจก) หลอกตา
|
Ex: If you hold a pencil in a glass of water, the water distort + the appearance of the pencil.
|
|
intentionally (adv.)
|
on purpose, not by accident -อย่างมีเจตจำนง, อย่างตั้งใจ
|
Ex: Danny intentionally lost his last golf ball because he was tired of playing.
|
|
piracy (n.)
|
stealing a ship or taking the ship's cargo; the unlawful copying of books, CDs, etc. - การปล้นเรือในทะเล, การปล้นของโจรสลัด; [figurative] การละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์, การลอกเลียนโดยมิได้รับอนุญาต
|
Ex: Modern-day piracy occurs mostly near groups of small, uninhabited islands where pirates can hide.
Usage Tips: The software company constantly battled piracy. |
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predicament (n.)
|
a difficult situation, one that is hard to get out of
|
Ex: College basketball stars face thepredicament of wanting to graduate but being tempted by high professional salaries.
|
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smuggle (v.)
|
to illegally bring things into a country - ขนของเถื่อน, ลักลอบ
|
Ex: The pirate Ben Dewar smuggle guns to British and Indian fighters in North America.
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villainy (n.)
|
Exceptional badness, as demonstrated by many serious evil deeds - ความเลวทราม, ความชั่วร้าย
|
Ex: Fred was not a natural criminal, but he learned all kinds of villainy while being jailed for a minor crime.
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addictive (adj.)
|
making someone want it so much that the person feels ill without it - ที่ติด, เสพติด; [figurative colloquial] ที่ทำให้หลงใหล
|
Ex: Some drugs, like heroin or methamphetamines, are addictive to almost everyone who tries them.
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cartel (n.)
|
a small group controlling a certain area of business - การรวมกลุ่มของผู้ผลิตเพื่อตั้งราคาให้สูงและควบคุมการตลาด
|
Ex: The world's major oil producers formed a cartel to control the price and supply of petroleum.
|
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concentrated (adj.)
|
strong because large amounts are in a certain space - มุ่งมั่นเอาจริงเอาจัง, เจาะลึก; เข้มข้น
|
Ex: concentrated lemon juice is very sour, so I mix it with water when I make lemonade.
|
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interdict (v.)
|
to keep something from reaching a certain place; prohibit or forbid - ห้าม (ทางกฎหมาย)
|
Ex: With faster patrol boats, the Coast Guard can more easily interdict drugs being smuggled by sea.
|
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juxtapose (v.)
|
place next to one another - วางสองสิ่งเคียงข้างกัน
|
Ex: If you juxtapose these two similar flowers, you can see clear differences between them.
|
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misconception (n.)
|
a mistaken belief; a view or opinion that is incorrect because it is based on faulty thinking or understanding
|
Ex: A common misconception about rabbits is that they are a kind of rodent.
|
|
modify (v.)
|
make small changes in order to get a certain result
|
Ex: People who live in high mountains often modify their car engines to run well in the thinner air.
|
|
potent (adj.)
|
powerful; having great power, influence, or effect
|
Ex: A very potent type of marijuana with surprisingly strong effects became available in Burrytown.
|
|
residual (adj.)
|
left behind after most of a thing has gone - ที่เหลือ, ที่ตกค้าง
|
Ex: In the airplane, agents found residual traces of heroin.
Usage Tips: residual is often followed by trace, amount, or some other word referring to "quantity". |
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subtly (adv.)
|
in a quiet, hard-to-notice way - อย่างนุ่มนวล, อย่างละเอียดอ่อน
|
Ex: By subtly changing the soft drink's formula, we improved its taste and made production cheaper.
|
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ancestral (adj.)
|
relating to family members from earlier generations - เป็นของ/สืบทอดมาจากบรรพบุรุษ
|
Ex: Sweden is my ancestral homeland, from which my great-grandfather emigrated in 1922.
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cohesion (n.)
|
ability to stay together as a unit - การทำงานร่วมกัน (= union)
|
Ex: Family cohesion is difficult if young people have to go far away to find work.
Usage Tips: cohesion can also be used to describe forces that keep materials or structures together. |
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descendant (n.)
|
a direct relative in a later generation (such as one's son, daughter, or grandchild)
|
Ex: Billy Sobieski claimed to be a descendant of Jan Sobieski, a former king of Poland.
Usage Tips: descendant is often followed by an of phrase. |
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inheritance (n.)
|
things passed down to you from your ancestors
|
Ex: My inheritance from my grandmother included her favorite necklace.
|
|
kin (n.)
|
relatives - กลุ่มคนที่มีความสัมพันธ์ฉันญาติ; ญาติ, ญาติพี่น้อง
|
Ex: Even though my uncle didn't really like me, he was kind to me because we were kin .
Usage Tips: A common phrase is next of kin , meaning "closest relative". |
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legitimate (adj.)
|
true and respectable; in the context of family, born of a mother and father who were married to each other - ถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย; (วิธีการ) ถูกต้อง
|
Ex: You can skip the meeting if you have a legitimate reason.
Ex: Harcourt had two legitimate children with his wife Hannah and one legitimate + son with a woman whom he met while traveling. Usage Tips: The opposite of legitimate is legitimate +. |
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paternal (adj.)
|
relating to a father - ที่มีลักษณะของบิดา, ที่เหมือนบิดา
|
Ex: My mother's parents have both died, but my paternal grandparents are still alive.
Usage Tips: paternal may appear with paternal +, meaning "relating to a mother". |
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proximity (n.)
|
nearness - ความใกล้ (to กับ)
|
Ex: The house was comfortable, except for its proximity to a busy road.
Usage Tips: proximity can be followed by an of phrase or a to phrase. |
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sentiment (n.)
|
feelings; opinion based on feelings - อารมณ์, ความรู้สึกทางใจ
|
Ex: I share your sentiment + about air travel, but I disagree that cars are safer.
Usage Tips: sentiment + (the plural) is more common than sentiment. |
|
sibling (n.)
|
brother or sister - (male) พี่/น้องชายที่มีพ่อแม่เดียวกัน; (female) พี่/น้องสาวที่มีพ่อแม่เดียวกัน
|
Ex: My sibling + and I got together to buy our parents a gift for their anniversary.
Usage Tips: sibling is often preceded by a possessive noun or pronoun. |
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affection (n.)
|
an emotional closeness or warmth - ความรัก, ความชื่นชอบเอ็นดู
|
Ex: I show affection for my girlfriend by spending time with her, not by spending money on her.
Usage Tips: affection is often followed by a for phrase. |
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associate (v.)
|
to regularly spend time together - เกี่ยวข้อง/พัวพันกับ บางคน
|
Ex: Carol doesn't associate with people who smoke.
Usage Tips: associate is often followed by a with phrase. |
|
bond (n.)
|
a close connection - สิ่งผูกมัด, ข้อผูกมัด
|
Ex: Some researchers say that there is an especially strong emotional bond between twins.
Usage Tips: A between phrase, indicating the things that are connected, often follows bond. |
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clique (n.)
|
a small group of friends who are unfriendly to people outside the group - ก๊ก; กลุ่มคนที่รวมพวก
|
Ex: High-schoolers form clique + to gain security and acceptance.
Usage Tips: clique indicates a negative feeling toward a group. |
|
confide (v.)
|
to tell very personal things; tell someone about a secret or private matter while trusting them not to repeat it to others
|
Ex: Teenagers are more willing to confide in a friend than in a parent.
Usage Tips: confide almost always followed by an in phrase. |
|
exclusive (adj.)
|
keeping out all but a few people - ผูกขาด; เฉพาะสิ่ง; (เจ้าของ, การควบคุม) แต่ผู้เดียว;
|
Ex: The most exclusive universities accept only a small percentage of people who want to attend.
Usage Tips: exclusive can indicate a positive opinion, but in the context of friendship, it can mean "attached only to one person". |
|
fluctuate (v.)
|
to change often, from one condition to another - เปลี่ยนแปลงอยู่เสมอ, ผันแปร, ขึ้นๆ ลงๆ
|
Ex: Earth's climate fluctuate + between warm periods and cold periods.
Usage Tips: fluctuate is usually followed by a between phrase (or by a from ... to structure). |
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in common (adv.)
|
as a shared characteristic
|
Ex: Billy and Heather have a lot in common; basketball, a love of pizza, and an interest in snakes.
Usage Tips: in common very often appears with the verb to have. |
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solidarity (n.)
|
standing together despite pressure to move apart - ความสามัคคีเป็นน้ำหนึ่งใจเดียวกัน
|
Ex: Many student groups declared solidarity with the Latino Student Association in their effort to get a Spanish-speaking principal.
Usage Tips: solidarity is usually used in political contexts. |
|
willing (adj.)
|
agreeable and ready to do something - เต็มใจ, พร้อม
|
Ex: Because of their long friendship, Professor Gardner was willing to say a few words at Jones's birthday celebration.
Usage Tips: willing is almost always followed by a to + verb structure. |
|
complex (adj.)
|
not simple; involving many parts that work together
|
Ex: A modern car engine is too complex for most car owners to repair by themselves.
|
|
despondent (adj.)
|
Extremely sad and without hope for the future - กลุ้มใจ, เสียใจ, หมดกำลังใจ
|
Ex: After his girlfriend left him, Johnson was despondent and wouldn't talk to anyone.
|
|
devotion (n.)
|
a willingness to keep supporting someone you admire
|
Ex: Grant showed great devotion to his wife, supporting her during her long illness.
Usage Tips: devotion is often followed by a to phrase. |
|
dilemma (n.)
|
a difficult choice between two things (equally undesirable ones) - สถานการณ์ให้เลือก (ซึ่งทั้งสองทาง เลวร้ายพอๆ กัน)
|
Ex: I was caught in a dilemma between traveling by airplane and taking a train, which is slower but more comfortable.
|
|
engender (v.)
|
to bring into being; to cause to exist - ก่อให้เกิด
|
Ex: The government's warnings about terrorism engender + fear throughout the nation.
Usage Tips: engender is often followed by a noun for an emotion. |
|
loyal (adj.)
|
faithful; giving or showing firm and constant support or allegiance to a person or institution - ซื่อสัตย์, ซึ่งปฏิบัติหน้าที่อย่างซื่อตรง, ถูกต้อง
|
Ex: Carter was loyal to his girlfriend and would not date anyone else.
Usage Tips: loyal is often followed by a to phrase. |
|
passion (n.)
|
an extremely strong emotion, like love or anger
|
Ex: Debbie complained that there was no passion in her marriage.
|
|
proliferation (n.)
|
an increase in the number of something and in the number of places it can be found - การแพร่พันธุ์, การขยายพันธุ์; [Medicine] การขยายอย่างรวดเร็ว
|
Ex: The proliferation of fast-food restaurants has made it harder for Americans to eat healthy lunches.
Usage Tips: proliferation is very often followed by an of phrase. |
|
reciprocity (n.)
|
doing as much for another as he or she has done for you; the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit - การกระทำซึ่งกันและกัน,การแลกเปลี่ยนสิทธิประโยชน์
|
Ex: Dan was giving a lot of attention to Kelly, but he felt no reciprocity in their relationship.
|
|
vanish (v.)
|
to disappear suddenly - อันตรธาน, หายวับไป
|
Ex: When the sun came out, last night's light snowfall vanish +.
|
|
antipathy (n.)
|
a strong, long-lasting negative feeling -ความเกลียดชัง, ความเป็นปรปักษ์
|
Ex: My antipathy toward telemarketers is so strong that I am often rude to them.
Usage Tips: antipathy is often followed by a toward phrase. |
|
arrogantly (adv.)
|
in a way that shows a high opinion of oneself and a low opinion of others - อย่างหยิ่งยะโส; (presumptuously) อย่างบังอาจ
|
Ex: Jenny told us about her party only one day in advance, arrogantly thinking we had nothing else to do.
|
|
berate (v.)
|
to say insulting and disrespectful things -ดุด่า, ตำหนิ
|
Ex: The teacher lost his job because he cruelly berate + students who made mistakes.
Usage Tips: You can only berate someone directly, only when he or she can hear you. |
|
contemptuous (n.)
|
having no respect -ดูถูก, เหยียดหยาม, หยิ่งยโส
|
Ex: Most scientists are contemptuous of reports that aliens from outer space have landed on the Earth.
Usage Tips: A very common structure is be contemptuous of. |
|
despise (v.)
|
hate very much - เหยียดหยาม, ดูถูก
|
Ex: Tom grew to despise his greedy and unfriendly boss.
|
|
humiliation (n.)
|
an event that causes someone to feel that she or he has lost the respect of others - การลบหลู่, การดูหมิ่น, การเหยียดหยาม
|
Ex: Losing the chess tournament was a great humiliation for Marie, and she never played chess again.
|
|
obnoxious (adj.)
|
bothersome; doing small things that others don't like - น่ารังเกียจ, น่าขยะแขยง
|
Ex: My obnoxious neighbor keeps talking to me while I'm trying to read in my backyard.
|
|
shame (n.)
|
dishonor because one has done something wrong - ความละอายใจ
|
Ex: Feeling deep shame because of their son's crimes, the Ford family moved to a different town.
Usage Tips: shame is often followed by an of or about phrase. |
|
stigmatize (v.)
|
to mark with a visible feature that makes other people think, perhaps incorrectly, that someone or something is wrong; describe or regard as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval - ทำให้เสื่อมเสียชื่อเสียง (= defame, denounce, discredit)
|
Ex: Cadbury's beard and tattoos stigmatize him as a bad match for Wall Street, so he couldn't find work as a financial analyst.
|
|
vitriolic (adj.)
|
showing an extreme, hateful anger- (คำพูด) รุนแรง, ถากถาง, ที่เจ็บปวด
|
Ex: The mayor's vitriolic attacks against the city council only made him sound unreasonable.
Usage Tips: The origin of vitriolic is vitriolic; a strong chemical that could cause painful burns. |
|
adolescent (adj.)
|
characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up - ของวัยรุ่น, ช่วงวัยรุ่น
|
Ex: In policy meetings, George refuses to reason with anyone and just scowls in an adolescent way.
|
|
cause (n.)
|
a political or social goal that one believes is right and works to achieve
|
Ex: Our river cleanup effort would be more effective if someone famous spoke out for the cause.
|
|
conflict (v.)
|
to fit so poorly together that the differences cause a problem - ขัดกัน, ค้านกัน
|
Ex: A teenager's need for security can conflict with his desire for independence from his family.
|
|
delinquency (n.)
|
serious misbehavior; not doing what one should do; minor crime, esp. that committed by young people - การก่ออาชญากรรม,การกระทำความผิด
|
Ex: Because of his laziness and delinquency, Lefty was an unreliable friend.
Usage Tips: A common combination is juvenile delinquency, meaning "criminal behavior by a teenager". |
|
fringe (n.)
|
edge; in social contexts, parts of society that look or act very different from most people - ขอบที่ไม่เรียบและไม่แข็งมาก
|
Ex: Punk music got its start at the fringe of London's rock music culture.
Usage Tips: fringe implies an edge that is uneven and not very solid. |
|
hedonistic (adj.)
|
Excessively interested in seeking pleasure - สนใจมากเกินไปในการแสวงหาความสุข
|
Ex: Suddenly wealthy, Allen fell into a hedonistic life of parties, expensive dinners, and heavy drinking.
Usage Tips: hedonistic usually implies that the pleasures are wrong. |
|
hypocritically (adv.)
|
in a way that accuses other people of weaknesses that the speaker also possesses - หลอกลวง, แกล้งทำ
|
Ex: Henry spent on a new suit and then hypocritically accused me of spending too much on clothes.
|
|
manipulation (n.)
|
quietly moving or influencing people or things in order to get what you want - การจัดการโดยใช้เล่ห์เหลี่ยม;
|
Ex: Bob's manipulation of the boss's feelings led to his promotion.
|
|
rebel (v.)
|
To go against an established system or authority - ก่อการกบฏ, ขัดขืน, ต่อต้าน
|
Ex: The people of Ghurdia rebel against the dictator and set up a new government.
Usage Tips: rebel works well in political contexts and in contexts of personal relationships. |
|
status quo (n.)
|
the systems and conditions that exist now - สถานภาพปัจจุบัน
|
Ex: Let's just maintain the status quo until we can think of a better way.
|
|
abstract (adj.)
|
not concrete and realistic; not obviously related to every-day experience
|
Ex: abstract painting became popular partly because early photography was very realistic.
|
|
context (n.)
|
a larger environment that something fits into - บริบท
|
Ex: In thecontext of Soviet Russia, public art had to be about the triumph of communism and its leaders.
Usage Tips: The preposition in often comes before context, and an of phrase often comes after it. |
|
depict (v.)
|
to show in pictures - แสดงด้วยภาพวาด, บรรยาย
|
Ex: Michelangelo's painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel depictnine scenes from the Bible.
|
|
dimension (n.)
|
a direction or surface along which something can be measured; an aspect - มิติ; (measurement) ขนาด
|
Ex: The three dimension of physical objects are length, width, and depth.
Ex: One dimension of the problem is their long history of competition. |
|
esthetically (adv.)
|
in a way that relates to beauty or appearance - เกี่ยวกับความงาม
|
Ex: The outside of the office building is esthetically pleasing, but the inside is dark and unpleasant.
Usage Tips: esthetically is often spelled with an "a" at the beginning: aesthetically. |
|
intrinsic (adj.)
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being part of the basic nature of something - มีอยู่ภายใน, มีอยู่ในตัว; (essential) คุณสมบัติจำเป็น; [Philosophy] อันเป็นเนื้อแท้
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Ex: Frequent elections are intrinsic to a democratic system.
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perspective (n.)
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a way of seeing from a particular location; a way of thinking about something
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Ex: From my perspective, the entire town can be seen through a set of large windows.
Ex: They held different perspective n how to care for their aging parents. |
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portrayal (n.)
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a description or drawing that reflects a certain point of view - การบรรยาย; (esp. of person) การบรรยายของบุคคล
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Ex: Most portrayal of Abraham Lincoln emphasize his sense of humor and his honesty.
Usage Tips: portrayal is often followed by an of phrase to indicate what is being described. |
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realism (n.)
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a technique that tries to picture something as it really looks
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Ex: realism was popular among seventeenth-century Flemish painters like Rembrandt van Rijn.
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spectrum (n.)
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a range of different things, usually colors
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Ex: Bart's colorful designs include every color of the spectrum , from deep blue to vibrant red.
Usage Tips: The phrase the spectrum frequently means "the colors that the human eye can see". |
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advent (n.)
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coming; arrival; the arrival of a notable person, thing, or event - ก่อนที่เริ่มมีใช้, ก่อนที่จะมา
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Ex: The advent of the automobile greatly increased the demand for petroleum.
Usage Tips: advent is usually followed by an of phrase. |
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ambiguous (adj.)
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having more than one possible meaning
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Ex: The sentence It's hard to say is ambiguous, with different meanings in different contexts.
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connotation (n.)
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a meaning implied, not stated directly - ความหมายแฝงของคำ
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Ex: When my boss says, "Thank you", the connotation is that she's done talking and I should leave.
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decipher (v.)
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to figure out the meaning, even though it is written in a code or an unknown language
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Ex: The Rosetta Stone helped archaeologists decipher ancient Egyptian writing.
Usage Tips: A decipher + is a code or puzzle; decipher means "solve a puzzle written in code". |
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denote (v.)
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to mean something clearly and directly - บ่งบอก, ชี้
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Ex: An "X" next to a name on this list denote + a person who has been chosen for the soccer team.
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illiterate (adj.)
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unable to read - ไม่รู้หนังสือ, อ่านไม่ออกเขียนไม่ได้, ไม่มีการศึกษา
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Ex: In many villages nearly everyone was illiterate and unschooled, and the few who could read held great power.
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ingenious (adj.)
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very clever and imaginative
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Ex: Ann thought up an ingenious way to keep other people from accidentally taking her pens.
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inscription (n.)
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something written into a piece of rock or metal - ข้อความที่จารึก, อักษรที่จารึก
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Ex: The inscription on my ring says "August 1," because that was the day of our wedding.
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phonetic (adj.)
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related to the sounds in a language - เกี่ยวกับการออกเสียงพูด
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Ex: Children learning to write often make up phonetic spellings, based on the way a word sounds.
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symbolic (adj.)
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acting as a sign for some other thing or idea
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Ex: Since the 1970s, yellow ribbons have been symbolic of hope that someone will return from a dangerous situation.
Usage Tips: symbolic is often followed by an of phrase indicating the meaning of a symbolic +. |
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amateurish (adj.)
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not good enough to be the work of professionals
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Ex: Whoever painted this room did an amateurish job, with all sorts of uneven edges.
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cast (n.)
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the group of actors in a play, movie, television show, etc. - รายนามผู้แสดง
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Ex: Some viewers mistakenly start thinking that a TV show's cast members are really the characters they play.
Usage Tips: In U.S. English, cast is singular. In some other varieties of English it is plural. |
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charismatic (adj.)
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Extremely attractive and charming
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Ex: Because of the sparkle in his eye and his confident style, John F. Kennedy was a charismatic leader.
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gala (adj.)
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Expensive, elaborately arranged, and full of celebration - งานรื่นเริงในโอกาสพิเศษ, งานรื่นเริงหรูหรา
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Ex: A college graduation party should be a gala affair, not a backyard barbecue.
Usage Tips: gala is somewhat old-fashioned, far more common in print than in speech. |
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hilarious (adj.)
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very funny
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Ex: In my opinion, the most hilarious character on television was Basil Fawlty.
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improvisation (n.)
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inventing a solution to an unexpected problem - สิ่งที่ทำขึ้นอย่างทันทีทันควัน
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Ex: Boy Scouts take pride in their improvisation when faced with trouble during a camping trip.
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incompetent (adj.)
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unskilled; lacking the ability to perform a task
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Ex: Because we hired an incompetent builder to replace our roof, we now have leaks everywhere.
Usage Tips: Usually, incompetent implies that someone tries to do something but fails. |
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medium (n.)
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a channel or way for a meaning to be expressed
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Ex: Watercolor art is often considered childish, but some artists have achieved great things working in that medium.
Usage Tips: The plural of medium is medium +. |
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skit (n.)
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a short, informal play - ละครล้อเลียนชีวิตจริงสั้นๆ
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Ex: Marnie and Chris spent a long time practicing their skit for the school show.
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zeal (n.)
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enthusiasm; a deep determination to do well - ความตั้งใจจริง, ความมุ่งมั่น
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Ex: Unfortunately, Tom's zeal to become a rock star distracted him from his studies.
Usage Tips: zeal is often followed by to plus a verb or by a for phrase. |
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bulk (n.)
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largeness and a heavy appearance
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Ex: The bulk of Kevin's athletic body was too great for one small chair, so he sat on a bench.
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capricious (adj.)
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moving unpredictably from one thing to another - ที่เปลี่ยนใจง่าย, ไม่เสมอต้นเสมอปลาย;
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Ex: Your college studies will go on too long if you make capricious jumps from one major to another.
Usage Tips: capricious comes from a Latin word meaning "goat"and implies a motion like the jumping of a goat. |
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cumbersome (adj.)
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difficult to wear or carry because of weight or shape - รุ่มร่าม; เกะกะกีดขวาง; พะรุงพะรัง
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Ex: To make it to the top of the mountain before dark, the hikers dumped their cumbersome tent.
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exotic (adj.)
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interesting or unusual because of coming from a faraway place - นำมาจากต่างถิ่นหรือต่างประเทศ
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Ex: I walked into the restaurant and smelled the exotic aromas of Malaysian spices.
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inhibit (v.)
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to discourage or to slow down - ขัดขวาง, ยับยั้ง
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Ex: This lotion will inhibit the itching caused by mosquito bites.
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minimum (n.)
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the smallest possible amount or level
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Ex: The minimum for being accepted to Cavill University is a score of 60 on the test.
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striking (adj.)
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very noticeable; easily attracting attention - ดึงดูดความสนใจ, สะดุดตา
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Ex: Gordon had a striking new attitude after he learned self-discipline at the army academy.
Usage Tips: striking comes from a verb that means "to hit". |
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trend (n.)
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a movement in one direction or a widespread change in fashion - แนวโน้ม, สมัยนิยม
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Ex: Thetrend among some young men is to wear their caps with the bill off to one side.
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vanity (n.)
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an excessive concern for one's appearance; excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements - ความภูมิใจ, ความทะนง
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Ex: Mark's vanity led him to spend far too much money on haircuts and new clothes.
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vulnerable (adj.)
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Exposed to possible harm
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Ex: Babies and very old people are especially vulnerable to the new disease.
Usage Tips: vulnerable is often followed by a to phrase. |