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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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経済は政治と深い関係がある。
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Economics is profoundly related to politics.
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N1 は N2 {と／に}関係がある。
This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 |
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そのトピックに関係のある本はこの列にあります。
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A book related to that topic is in this row.
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N1 {と/に} 関係 {が/の} あるN2.
This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 |
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授業に関係のない質問はしないようにしましょう。
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Try not to ask questions that are not related to the lesson.
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N1 {と/に} 関係 {が/の} あるN2.
This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 |
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それは、僕には関係がないから、知らないなあ。
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That is not related to me, so I don't know about it.
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N1 は N2 {と／に}関係がある。
This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 |
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ハイブリッドの車が増えたことによって、町の空気がきれいなってきました。
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Because hybrid cars increased, the city's air came to be cleaner.
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~ことによって
によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates CAUSE. "because; because of; due to; by V–ing; by means of; via; through; by" |
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インターネットで調べることによって、世界中で今起こっていることを知ることが出来る。
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By means of internet search, you can know what is happening right now throughout the world.
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~ことによって
によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates MEANS. "because; because of; due to; by V–ing; by means of; via; through; by" |
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万有引力の法則はニュートンによって発見されました。
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The law of universal gravitation was discovered by Newton.
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~N によって
によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates AGENT. "because; because of; due to; by V–ing; by means of; via; through; by" |
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青と黄色の絵の具を混ぜます。すると、緑色になります。
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Mix the colors blue and yellow. They become green.
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S1. すると、S2.
"then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (1) The action in S1 causes what is said in S2 |
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このアイコンをクリックして下さい。すると、コンピュータの画面の文字が大きくなります。
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Please click this icon. That will make the letters on the screen become bigger.
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S1. すると、S2.
"then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (2) The action in S1 leads to the discovery of what is said in S2 |
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A) 田中さんは、明日の会議に出られないそうですよ。
B) すると、誰か他の人が出なくてはいけないということですね。 |
A) I heard Tanaka–san will be unable to come to tomorrow's meeting.
B) Then, that means that somebody else will have to go, doesn't it? |
S1. すると、S2.
"then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (3) From the information implied in S1, the speaker confirms that S2 is the case. |
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空手部では、先輩に言われた通りにしないと、怒られてしまう。
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In karate club, if you don't do exactly as you're told by your upperclassmen, you will make them angry.
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V–plain 通り（に）
"the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 |
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日本のファミリーレストランの店員は、みんなマニュアルの通りに話すから、ロボットみたいだ。
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The employees of Japanese family restaurants all speak exactly like the manuals, so they seem like robots.
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N の 通り（に）
"the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 |
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指示通りに、ここに答えを書いて下さい。
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Following the instructions, please write your answer here.
NOTE: しじ どおり |
N通り（に）
Where 通り is a suffix and reads as どおり。 "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 |
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外国語は話せば話すほど、上手になります。そして、読めば読むほど、単語が増えます。
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The more you speak a foreign language, the more skilled you become. In addition, the more you read, the more your vocabulary increases.
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{V/A}–cond {V/A}–plain ほど
"the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted) |
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運動すればするほど、健康になれるし、やせられるから、運動は一石二鳥ですね。
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The more you exercise, the healthier and more slim you become; exercise kills two birds with one stone, don't you think?
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{V/A}–cond {V/A}–plain ほど
"the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted, as is seen in this sentence) |
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アパートは駅に近ければ近いほど家賃が高くなり、逆に、駅から遠ければ遠いほど安くなる。
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The closer an apartment is to the train station to more expensive rent becomes. Inversely, the farther an apartment is from the train stations, the cheaper it becomes.
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{V/A}–cond {V/A}–plain ほど
"the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted) |
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親が立派であればあるほど、子供はプレッシャーを感じてしまうようだ。
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The more prominent/splended parents are, the more pressure children feel.
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{Ana/NP} であれば ({ANa/NP}で)あるほど
"the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (In this case, it appears that Ana in this structure do not need to be restated before ほど) |
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いい大学であればあるほど入るのが難しいです。
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The better the university, the harder it is to get in.
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{Ana/NP} であれば ({ANa/NP}で)あるほど
"the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (In this case, it appears that Ana in this structure do not need to be restated before ほど) |
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便利なら便利なほど...
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The more convenient it is...
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ANa ならANa なほど
"the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. |
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ある日、うさぎとかめが競走をしました。さて、どちらがレースに勝ったでしょうか。
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One day, a rabbit and a turtle raced. Well now, which one won the race do you suppose?
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(S1.) さて、S2.
"well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, AS SEEN HERE or (c) the speaker is leaving. さてis not used in casual situations. |
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さて、もう遅いですだら、今日はこれで失礼します。
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Well, its already late, so I'm going to excuse myself for today.
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(S1.) さて、S2.
"well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, or (c) the speaker is leaving. AS SEEN HERE さてis not used in casual situations. |
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古代のヨーロッパはローマを中心として発展した。
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Ancient europe developed with Rome as the center.
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N を 中心 {と/に} (して）
"(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. |
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地球や火星、木星、金星などの惑星は、太陽を中心として回っている
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The planets Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, etc. go around their center, the sun.
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N を 中心 {と/に} (して）
"(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. |
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私は、最近、日本の若者言語を中心とした言語の研究をしています。
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Lately, I am making the language of young Japanese people the focus of my language research.
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N1を中心(と/に)した N2
(= N1中心のN2) "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." N1を中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify nouns. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. |
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日本と私の国は、朝と夜が逆だ。いま、こちらは午後９時だが、日本は午前１０時だ。
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The mornings and evenings in my country are opposite that of Japan. Here it is 9PM, but in Japan it is 10AM.
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X は 逆 だ。
"be opposite; the other way" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. |
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日本語で数字を１００から逆に数えてみて下さい。
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Try counting backwards (lit. numbers in the opposite direction) in Japanese.
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逆 に V。
"in the opposite direction; the other way; the wrong way; contrary to one's expectations; contrary to one's intention; conversely" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. |
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一方通行の道だということを知らないで、逆の方向に進んでしまい、警察につかまってしまった。
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Without knowing it was a one–way road, I went in the opposite direction and was caught by the police.
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逆 の N。
"opposite N; the reverse of N" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. |
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その本なら、大学の図書館に行けば、あるはずだよ。
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If it's that book (you need), if you go to the university's library it should be there.
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{V/A} –plain はず [seen here]
ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun. |
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この点について、もう一度、説明していただきませんか。
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Would you please explain this point once more?
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DemA点
"point; aspect; viewpoint; respect" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." |
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サービスという点では、日本のデパートは最高だ。
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Japanese departments stores are the best in terms of service.
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N {という/の} 点で (は）
"in terms of ~; with regard to ~; with respect to ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." |
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この車はガソリンがなくても走れるという点で環境(environment) にいいですが、値段が高いです。
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This car is good to the environment in that it doesn't need gasoline to run, but it is expensive.
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S + という点で
"in that ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." |
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この留学プログラムは、ホームステイが出来るという点が、セールスポイントですね。
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The fact that you can do home stay is this foreign study program's sales point, it seems.
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S(という）点が
"the fact that ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." |
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漢字を覚えば覚えほど、単語の数がますます増えて、ますます日本語が分かるようになります。
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The more you memorize kanji, the more and more the number of your vocabulary will increase, and you will come to understand Japanese even more.
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ますます(~)V
"more and more; –er and –er; increasingly; even more; even –er; still more; still –er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 |
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台風が近づいてきたので、風がますます強くなってきた。
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Because a typhoon drew near, the wind grew stronger and stronger.
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ますます A–stem くなる
increasingly; even more; even –er; still more; still –er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 |
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話すのは速すぎので、ますますゆっくり話すようにする。
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I talk too fast, I'm trying to talk increasingly slower.
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ますます Adv
"more and more; –er and –er; increasingly; even more; even –er; still more; still –er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 |
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この作文は、コンピュータで書き直して、来週の月曜日に出して下さい。
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Use the computer to rewrite this essay, then turn it in monday of next week.
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V–masu 直す
"again, re–V" 直す, when attached to the masu–stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re–." |
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作文を書いたことは書いたけれど、まだ間違いがたくさんあるから書き直さなくてはいけない。
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It is certainly true that you wrote an essay, but there are still many mistakes so it must be rewritten.
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{V/A} – plain.aff ことは {V/A}–plain.aff (が／けれど）
"It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. |
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私はテニスをすることはしますが、あまり上手じゃありません。
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I do play tennis, but I'm not very good.
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{V/A} – plain.aff ことは {V/A}–plain.aff (が／けれど）
"It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. |
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このアパートは駅に近くて便利なことは便利だけれど、家賃はとても高いです。
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This apartment is close to the train station and certainly convenient, but the rent is very expensive.
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ANa {な/だった} ことは ANa {だ/だった} が
"It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. |
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あの人は、いい人はいい人だけど、ちょっとがんこ(stubborn)だね。
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That person is indeed a good person, but a little stubborn, don't you think?
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NP は NP {だ／だった}が
[alternatively: NP {だった}ことは NP {だ/だった} が] "It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. |
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友達が手伝ってくれたおかげで、仕事が早く終わった。
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Thanks to my friend helping me out, work ended early.
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{V/A}–plain おかげ
"because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. |
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ハンサムなせいで、うそを信じて、ばかなことをしました。
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Because he was handsome, I believed his lies and did foolish things.
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ANa {な/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} せい／おかげ
"because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. |
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シートベルトのおかげで、大丈夫でした。
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Thanks to the seatbelt, I was ok.
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N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ
"because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. |
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ゆうべ飲み過ぎたせいで、朝から頭がガンガンする。
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Due to drinking too much last night, I head has pounded since morning.
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{V/A}–plain せい
"because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. |
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犬のせいじゃない！
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It's not because (the fault of) the dog!
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N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} せい
"because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. |
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日食(solar eclipse)を見ているうちに、どんどん空が暗くなってきて、ついに真っ暗になってしまった。
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While watching the solar eclipse, the sky darkened at a fast pace until it finally became totally dark.
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どんどん–V
"at a fast pace; one after another; keep V–ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action. |
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私はもう５回も日本に行っています。行くたびに、新しいことを学んで帰ります。
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I have already been to Japan as many as 5 times. Every time I go, I return having learned something new.
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V–plain.non–past たびに
"every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. |
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彼は、デートのたびにおいしいレストランに連れて行ってくれる。
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Every time my boyfriend takes me on a date he takes me to a delicious restaurant.
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Nのたびに
"every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. |
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15年も飼っていた犬が、年を取ってとうとう死んでしまったので、とても悲しい。
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Because the dog I kept for as many as 15 years, being old, at long last died, I am very sad.
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とうとう V
"finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal. |
