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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a periodic back-and-forth motion that transmits energy
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wave
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back-and-forth motion
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oscillation
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anything a wave travels through
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medium
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ripple that has a wave-like motion
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wave pulse
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series of wave-like motions
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wave train
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high point of a wave
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crest
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low point of a wave
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trough
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wave in which particles of the medium oscillate and right angles to the direction of wave travel
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transverse wave
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wave in which particles of the medium oscillate in the direction of wave travel
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longitudinal wave
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wave that travels through a spring if you squeeze together the coils at one end
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compression pulse
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the part of the spring where the coils are spread apart
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rarefaction pulse
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the two parts of a longitudinal wave
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a compression pulse and a rarefaction pulse
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which part of a longitudinal wave is considered the crest
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compression pulse
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which part of a longitudinal wave is consider the trough
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rarefaction pulse
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the length of one wave
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wavelength
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the Greek letter that represents wavelength
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lambda
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the height of a wave (the distance between a crest or trough and the middle)
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amplitude
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the number of waves that pass a certain point in a unit of time
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frequency
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formula for frequency
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the SI unit of frequency
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hertz
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the definition of one hertz
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one wave per second
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the time needed for one wave to pass
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period
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the formula for a period
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the rate at which a wave travels through a medium
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speed
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the speed of a wave is the same as long as what?
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it is traveling through the same medium
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what is the speed of a wave directly proportional to
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wavelength and frequency
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the formula for speed of a wave
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a device that allows waves to be observed
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ripple tank
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the boundary of a wave crest in a ripple tank
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wave front
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what a wave front appears to be
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a shadow
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name for the line that represents the direction of a wave in a ripple tank
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ray
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change in the direction of a wave as a result of colliding with an object or boundary
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reflection
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waves that strike an object or boundary
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incident waves
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waves that bounce off an object or boundary
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reflected waves
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the angle of incidence (hitting) equals the angle of reflection (bouncing off)
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law of reflection
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an imaginary line perpendicular to the reflecting surface
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normal
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the bending of the path of a wave because of a change in speed
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refraction
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which way do refracted waves bend
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toward the medium that slowed them down
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the spreading out of a wave after is passes through a narrow opening
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diffraction
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when will a wave spread evenly as it diffracts
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when the opening is equal to one wavelength
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the result of two waves colliding
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interference
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the two types of interference
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constructive and destructive
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when waves add together to get larger
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constructive interference
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when waves cancel each other to get smaller
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destructive interference
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vibrations traveling through a medium in the form of longitudinal pressure waves
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sound
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the two parts of a complete sound wave
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compression pulse and rarefaction pulse
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scientist who demonstrated the importance of matter for the production and transmission of sound waves
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Robert Boyle
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the visible parts of the human ear funnel sound into what
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auditory canal
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the part of the ear that vibrates in unison with sound waves
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eardrum
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three bones in the ear that amplify sound
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hammer, anvil, stirrup
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fluid-filled tube in the ear
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cochlea
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strength of a sound wave
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intensity
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intensity of sound is inversely proportional to
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the square of the distance
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the effect of intensity on the way the ear perceives sound
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loudness
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the Si unit of sound intensity
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bel (B)
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a smaller unit for sound intensity that is usually used
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decibel
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increasing a sound by 1 bell increases it by how much
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10x
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the effect of frequency on the way the ear perceives sound
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pitch
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sound that can be heard
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audible sound
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the range of audible sound for humans
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20Hz-20000Hz
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sounds with pitches below the audible range
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infrasonic sounds
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sounds with pitches above the audible range
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ultrasonic sounds
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device for producing pure musical sounds of a definite pitch
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tuning fork
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change in frequency of a sound caused by the motion of the object making the sound and/or the listener
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Doppler effect
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the main factor affecting speed of sound in air
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the temperature of the air
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equation for the speed of sound at a given temperature
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does the speed of sound slow or speed up as the temperature drops
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it decreases
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speeds above the speed of sound
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supersonic
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speeds below the speed of sound
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subsonic
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scientist who first studies supersonic speeds
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Ernst Mach
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way of expressing supersonic speeds
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Mach numbers
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violent compression of air that occurs when an airplane flies at supersonic speeds
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shock wave
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the noise made by a shock wave
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sonic boom
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multiple reflections of sound waves causing it to persist
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reverberation
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a sound heard distinctly after being reflected from an object
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echo
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how far away an object must be to hear echoes from it
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more than 17 m or 56 ft.
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system that uses sound to locate unseen objects
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sonar
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what sonar stands for
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sound navigation and ranging
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instrument that measure the depth of the water under a boat using ultrasonic sound waves
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depth finder
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method of calculating distance by measuring the time between a sound and its echo
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echo ranging
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scientific sonar used to map the ocean floor
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scanning sonar
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medical machine that uses ultrasonic sound waves to produce an image of an unborn baby
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ultrasonogrph
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the picture of an unborn baby
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sonogram
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the process of dissipating the energy of sound waves into matter
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absorption
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the study of sound
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acoustics
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the time it takes for a handclap to die away
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reverberation time
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a series of organized sound waves with specific pitches
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music
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random sound with no intended pattern
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noise
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a sound of definite pitch produced by an instrument or singing voice
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note
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the difference in pitch between a note and second note whose frequency is twice the first one
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octave
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two notes that interfere harmoniously
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consonance
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two notes the interfere disagreeably
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dissonance
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the scientific cause of consonance and dissonance
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the relationship between their frequency ratio
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the most consonant musical ratio
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1:2 (octave)
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the distance between two notes (musical term for)
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interval
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generally an interval is more consonant if its ratio is what
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using smaller whole numbers
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a burst of louder sound
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beat
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all the sounds produced when a musician plays a single note
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overtones
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the name for the most dominant sound produced
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fundamental
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the definition of the fundamental sound
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the one with the lowest frequency
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describes the frequency relationships between the fundamental and overtones
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harmonic series
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the sound quality or voice of an instrument
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timbre
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the cause of timbre
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constructive and destructive interference between the fundamental and overtones
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device that shows waves as traces of light on a screen
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oscilloscope
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the set of frequencies at which an object vibrates
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natural frequencies
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what happens when the driving frequency approaches the natural frequency
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resonance
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reverberates sound made by a musical instrument so it is louder
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resonator
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three main classes of acoustic musical instruments
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strings, winds, percussion
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the most versatile and widely played instrument in modern times
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piano
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the part of the piano that is played by the musician
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keyboard
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what happens when a piano key is pushed
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a hammer strikes one or more strings; also the damper is removed so the strings can vibrate
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the right-hand pedal
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damper pedal
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what amplifies sound in a piano
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sounding board
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what the piano strings pass over to reach the sounding board
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bridge
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instruments in the violin family
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violin, viola, cello, double bass
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how a violin makes many sounds even though it only has 4 strings
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the violinist shortens the length of the strings with his fingers
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what the violins sound gets out through
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f-shaped sound holes
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what makes violin strings vibrate
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bow
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instrument that uses air in pipes
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pipe organ
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the sound a pipe organ makes (besides the music) that is caused by the pulses of compressed air
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edge tone
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instruments in the brass family
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tuba, trumpet
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the oldest and most well-known brass instrument
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trumpet
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what the piston valves in a trumpet do
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change the length of the air column (and thus the sound produced)
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how woodwinds are different from brass instruments
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they have keys which cover holes; when the holes are uncovered, the length of the air column changes (and so the pitch of the sound)
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part of a clarinet that closes the air column at the top (so that there are no harmonics)
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reed
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a technique in which a woodwind musician cuts out the fundamental so that only the first overtone is heard
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overblowing
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instruments played by being struck
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percussion
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why are drum tones considered nonmusical sounds
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because the overtones do not follow a harmonic series
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