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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of blood |
Transportation Regulation - ph temperature osmotic pressure Protection - clot, white blood cell, antibodies |
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Components of blood 2 |
Blood plasma - water solution w dissolved elements Formed elements - cells and cell fragments |
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Blood plasma proteins - description and 3 main types |
7% of blood plasma Confined to blood Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen |
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Albumins function |
Smallest and most numerous plasma protein - help maintain osmotic pressure - factor in exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls |
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Globulins |
Large plasma proteins Immunoglobulin attacks viruses and bacteria Alpha beta globulins transport iron lipids and fat soluble vitamins |
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Fibrinogen |
Large Plasma protein that helps in blood clotting |
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Formed elements |
White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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Leukocyte |
White blood cells |
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Platelets |
Fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus Release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged |
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Hemocrit |
Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells |
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Low hemocrit |
Anemia |
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Low hemocrit |
Anemia |
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High hemocrit |
Polycythemia |
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Hemopoeises |
Process by which formed elements of blood develop |
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Location of Hemopoeisis of embryo |
Yolk sac |
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Location of Hemopoeisis of embryo |
Yolk sac |
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Location of hemopoesis in fetus |
First Liver spleen thymus and lymph nodes And then red bone marrow |
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Location of Hemopoeisis of embryo |
Yolk sac |
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Location of hemopoesis in fetus |
First Liver spleen thymus and lymph nodes And then red bone marrow |
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Source of hemopoesis after birth |
Red bone marrow |
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Hemoglobins |
Oxygen carrying protein that makes blood red |
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Rbc structure and how it affects function |
Biconcave disc - more surface area then sphere or cube for diffusion of gas molecules Plasma membrane is strong and flexible - allows to deform without rupturing Lack nucleus or organelles - cannot mitosis or protein synthesis All available space for oxygen transport Contains hemoglobin |
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Two parts of hemoglobin |
Heme - 1 per globin chain- pigment that has iron ion at center Globin x 4 chains - protein |
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What does the iron do in the heme |
Picks up and releases an oxygen molecule |
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What else does hemoglobin carry? |
Co2 |
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Erythropoietin function and stimulus |
Function: hormone that stimulates Rbc production by increasing red blood cell precursors Stimulus: produced by kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia |
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Cellular hypoxia |
Lack of oxygen in tissues |
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Reticulocyte count |
Blood test that measures how fast reticulocytes are made by the bone marrow and released into the blood |
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Reticulocyte |
Cell near to becoming red blood cell Has ejected it’s nucleus But still has its mitochondria ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum At this point they can pass out of red bone marrow, into blood stream |
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High reticulocyte count indicates |
Good red bone marrow response to blood loss or iron therapy for iron deficient person |
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Low reticulocyte count |
Could indicate nutritional deficiencies or leukemia if combined with anemia |
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Steps in rbc recycling |
Macrophages eat rbc Globin and heme split Globin broken down into amino acids Iron removed from heme -> gets picked up by transferrin Transferrin takes it to the ferritin in the liver On release from storage site or absorption from GI iron will reattach to transferrin Then carried to red bone marrow where new blood cells use it Non iron portion of heme converted to biliverdin GREEN then to bilirubin YELLOW Bilirubin transported to liver through blood Liver adds bilirubin to bile, passes to intestines Bacteria convert to urobilin Urologic eliminated in feces |
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Where are damaged rbc trapped |
Spleen liver and red bone marrow |
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Types of white blood cells 5 |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes |
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Which white blood cells are granular |
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophils |
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Which white blood cells are agranular |
Lymphocyte Monocyte |
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Function of neutrophil |
Phagocytosis First responder Antibiotic |
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Function if eosinophils |
Combat effects of histamine Phagotyse antigen antibody complex Destroy parasitic worms |
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Basophils |
Liberate heparin histamine and serotonin In allergic reactions Intensify inflammatory response |
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Lymphocytes |
Mediate immune response |
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Function of monocytes |
Phagocytosis |
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Leukocyte emigration |
Process by which wbc leave blood stream WBC rolls along endothelium, sticks to it Then squeeze through endothelial cells Happens in response to nearby injury and inflammation |
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Chemotaxis |
Process by which chemicals in inflamed tissue attract phagocytes Chemicals also released by microbes |
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Phagocytosis |
Ingestion of bacteria and disposal of dead matter |
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Megakaryocytes |
Large cells that eventually splinter into thousands of platelets |
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Hemostasis |
Sequence of events that stops bleeding |
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3 mechanisms of hemostasis |
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clotting |
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Vascular spasm |
Contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessel when damaged Reduces blood loss |
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Platelet plug formation |
Platelets have clotting factors from stored vesicles PDGF - hormone that causes blood vessels to bring cells and fibers to regrow 1. Platelet adhesion - stock to damge 2 platelets become activated- platelet release reaction - release stuff that makes area sticky 3 platelet aggregation Other platelets Adhere to original sticky platelets Eventually forms platelet plug
Reinforced by fibrin
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Blood clotting |
Blood turns into a gel called a blood clot when drawn from body Series of chemical reaction that culminates in formation of fibrin threads |
