A & P Lab Final

exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen

Movement of air into and out of the lungs which results in exchange of gasses in alveoli of the lungs

breathing

Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs

loading

unloading

diffusion

lungs

The circulatory system carries oxygen to the tissues of the body and carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion

Movement of oxygen from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue into the blood

unloaded, loaded

nasal cavity, nostril, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carina of the trachea, left primary bronchus, right primary bronchus

superior lobe of the right lung, middle lobe of the right lung, inferior lobe of the right lung, superior lobe of the left lung, inferior lobe of the left lung

respiratory passageways which provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites

actual site of gas exchange, composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

keeps food out of the respiratory pathways by covering the trachea and directing it toward the esophagus

vibrates and produces sound/voice as air rushes up from the lungs

Opens and closes during vibrations. Functions in speech development and pronunciation

serosa

outer layer that covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

inner layer that covers the external lung surface dipping into and lining its fissures

pulmonary arteries

pulmonary capillary network

allow diffusion of oxygen into the blood but doesn't nourish the lungs

bronchial arteries provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue

bronchial circulation

normal, quiet breathing. 500mL average

Total amount of exchangeable air (4800mL).

Max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inspiration (sum of TV, IRV, and ERV)

amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration (1200mL)

amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (3200 mL)

forced inspiration after normal inspiration

Tidal volume multiplied by respiration per minute

about 1200mL of air that remains in the lungs which helps to keep the alveoli open and prevent lung collapse

produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)

air filling the alveolar sacs and resembles the sound of a rustling or muffled breeze

ingests food then breaks down the food into nutrient molecules

the addition of a water molecule to break bonds

passage through cells lining the GI tract into the blood

break down food into smaller fragments either physically or chemically

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, large digestive glands, liver, and pancreas

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

secretion, absorption, protection

dense connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerve fibers

holds the blood and lymphatic vessels that supply the tissues surrounding it

two layers of smooth muscle

segmentation and peristalsis, intrinsic control of the digestive tract, includes muscle and myenteric nerve plexus, circular muscles form sphincters in some areas

protective, outermost layer

taking in food into the digestive tract

moves the food through the alimentary canal

increases the surface area of ingested food, physically, preparing it for digestion by enzymes

mixes food with digestive juices and makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall

where mechanical and chemical break down of bolus continues

surrounds the cardial orifice through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus

stomach's dome shape part, tucked beneath the diaphragm

midportion of the stomach

pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter

hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen

secrete mucus that prevents the stomach from being digested by the gastric gland secretions

lead into gastric glands that produce the stomach secretion called gastric juice

controls stomach emptying and is located at the end of the stomach entering the small intestine

wrinkly folds inside the stomach that appear when the stomach is empty and disappear when the stomach is full

Gastric bypass surgery

absorb most of the remaining water from indigestible food residues, stores the residues temporarily, and then eliminates them from the body as semisolid feces

green, muscular sac that stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates it by absorbing some of its water and ions

produces enzymes that breakdown all categories of foodstuffs

produces pancreatic juice, includes hydrolytis enzymes and an alkaline fluid that neutralizes stomach acid

produces the hormone insulin and glucagon

excrete nitrogenous waste, filter the blood, maintain electrolyte balance, maintain fluid balance, maintain pH

produce urine which passes through the ureters to the urinary bladder

lower back

covered by fibrous capsule

surrounded by perirenal fat capsule

outermost covering of kidneys is renal fascia

structural and functional units of the kidneys and each kidney has over one million of them

ball of fenestrated capillaries

the outer portion of the capsule

forms the impermeable barrier that holds the filtrate

very coiled tube line with simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli to increase surface area

Continues tubular reabsorption so is also composed of cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

This portion of the descending limb of Henle is composed of simple squamous epithelium and is very permeable to water so water is reabsorbed here rather than nutrients

This portion of the renal tubule is NOT permeable to water

Coiled and composed of simple cuboidal epithelium. It's responsible for re-absorption and secretion and conserves bodily fluids

glomerular filtration, tubular re-absorption, tubular secretion

renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

area of the bladder that forms the triangle between the ureter entrances and the urethra exit

4.5 to 8.0

water, urea, ions, creatinine, uric acid, other ions

bacteria such as e. coli break nitrates to nitrites

presence of white blood cells or pus in the urine

first cell of a new individual, from which all body cells will arise

divides the testes in the male

Epididymis

prostatic urethra, intermediate part, spongy urethra

surrounds urethra just below urinary bladder

secretion is milky white and activates sperm

homologous to the scrotum of the male enclose two smaller hair free folds

function is to enlarge during the pregnancy

composed of a thin layer of connective tissue covered by mesothelium

23 chromosomes

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interkinesis

prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

puberty

ovaries

follicle

sloughing off the thick layer of the lining of the uterus; accompanied by bleeding

estrogen causes the endometrium to repair, glands and vessels to proliferate, and the endometrium to become thick

progesterone causes the vascular supply to the endometrium to increase

cessation of woman's menstrual cycle

occurs at ages 45 to 55

number and size of cells must increase

cells must specialize

organ systems must develop

embryo

perioid of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without growth of the cells

a solid ball of 32 cells that looks like a blackberry

blastula

composed of a single layer of trophoblast cells and inner mass cells

embryo

gastrulation

process involving cellular rearrangements and migrations

organogenesis

develops when cells of the epiblast organize themselves into a transparent membranous sac

it later becomes amniotic fluid

human eggs contain very little yolk and used to have nutritive functions

the structural base for the umbilical cord that links the embryo to the placenta

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

forms structures of the nervous system and skin epidermis

forms the digestive and respiratory tracts, and urogenital systems

forms everything in between: bones, skeletal muscle, kidneys, etc

provides nutrients and oxygen to the embryo and carrying away embryonic metabolic wastes

cells from inner cell mass give rise to layer of extraembryonic mesoderm that lines the inner surface of the trophoblast

part of the endometrium beneath the embryo

feeling internal structures through the skin with the fingers

tendon line that runs from the unbilicus superiorly to the xiphoid process

linea alba weakens and coils of the intestine protrude through the opening

superficial to the appendix

common incision point for appendectomy