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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
six types of synovial joints
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hinge
condylar (ellipsoidal) gliding (plane) saddle ball-and-socket pivot |
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joint type that permits movement in only one plane
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hinge
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hard form of connective tissue
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bone
|
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bone is composed of one of two types of osseous tissue:
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compact (dense and smooth)
cancellous (spongy, latticelike) |
|
bones serve as a reservoir for what minerals?
C,C,M,P,P,S,S... |
calcium
copper magnesium phosphorus potassium sodium sulfur etc |
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bone cavities act as storage sites for X (not a mineral)
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fat
|
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term for blood cell formation
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hematopoiesis
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blood cell formation occurs chiefly within the X marrow of certain bones
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red
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tube of compact bone that makes the shaft=
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diaphysis
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the (X) cavity lies within the shaft (aka:Y) and is filled with (Z) marrow and depending on the growth stage may also contain (ZZ) marrow
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the medullary cavity within the diaphysis (shaft) is filled with yellow marrow and may contain red marrow too
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This is the portion of developing long bone between the shaft and epiphysis, which includes the ephiphyseal plate.
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metaphysis
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This is what separates the epiphyses from the diaphysis
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cartilage at the epiphyseal line
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This is a thin layer of cells that lines the inner surface of compact bone, defining the medullary cavity
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endosteum
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This is a tough fibrous membrane sheath surrounding the diaphysis
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periosteum
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short bones lack a long (X) and are typically (Y) shaped
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axis
cuboidal |
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short bones are composed of (X) bone type and marrow enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone
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spongy
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(X) surrounds the compact bone in short bones, except on articular surfaces
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periosteum
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This is a special type of short bone that is embedded in tendons
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sesamoid (eg patella)
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Term for thin bones with two layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone and marrow
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flat
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flat bones are generally (flat/curved)
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curved
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The sternum, ribs and most skull bones are what type of bone?
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flat bones
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bone remodeling begins when bone (X) is initiated by osteoclasts
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resorption
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Term for the breakdown and phagocytosis of bone cells =
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bone resorption
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osteoclasts remove bone tissue, carving small (X) in bone
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cavities
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resorption is followed by (X) before bone formation begins
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a rest period
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bone formation occurs in # stages
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two
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What happens in the first stage of bone formation:
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osteoblasts lay non mineralized bone over resorptive cavities
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What happens in the second stage of bone formation:
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Minerals are deposited. Nonmineralized bone is mineralized by calcium and phosphate deposition
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Term for mesodermal cells linked with bone production
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osteoblasts
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Periosteum is made of specialized fibrous CT that consists of an outer (X) layer and an inner (Y) layer
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fibrous
bone-forming |
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Mature osteoblasts incapable of producing new bone are called:
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osteocytes
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Osteocytes are located in small spaces (aka X) in the intracellular substance of (Y) type of bone
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lacunae
compact |
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bone resorption and bone deposition occur at what two surfaces?
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periosteal
endosteal |
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(X) is a tough, resilient type of CT
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cartilage
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cartilage consists of a dense network of what two types of CT fibers, embedded in a gel like substance
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collagenous and elastic
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new cartilage forms from cells called:
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chondroblasts
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mature cartilage cells are called
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chondrocytes
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three functions of cartilage:
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shapes body structures
supports body structures cushions bone |
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three types of cartilage:
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hyaline
fibrocartilage elastic |
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hyaline cartilage is what color?
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translucent
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the most abundant type of cartilage is
hyaline/fibrocartilage/elastic |
hyaline is the most abundant type of cartilage
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This type of cartilage forms the bronchial tubes
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hyaline-- bronchial tubes and trachea
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This type of cartilage forms the nose
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hyaline-- nose and larynx
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This type of cartilage forms the epiphyseal discs
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hyaline-- epiphyseal discs
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This type of cartilage appears at joints over the ends of long bones and at the ventral ends of the ribs
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hyaline-- ribs and long bone ends
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This type of cartilage consists of bundles of collagenous fibers
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fibrocartilage
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This type of cartilage provides strength and rigidity
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fibrocartilage
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This type of cartilage occurs in the TMJ
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fibrocartilage
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This type of cartilage cushions between vertebrae
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fibrocartilage
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This type of cartilage is found in the external ear and auditory tube
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elastic
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What color is elastic cartilage, compared with hyaline?
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opaque (compared with hyaline)
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The most flexible type of cartilage:
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elastic
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This type of cartilage lends strength and helps maintain the shape of the larynx
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elastic
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The skeleton that forms the longitudinal axis of the body:
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axial
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The skeleton that forms the head, neck and trunk
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axial skeleton
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# bones in the axial skeleton
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80
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cranium aka
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skull
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The entire human skeleton accounts for #% of its body mass
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20
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# bones in the human skeleton
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206
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The pelvic and pectoral girdles are part of what skeleton?
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appendicular
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four functions of the cranium
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holds the brain
provides cavities for sensory organs has openings to allow passage of air and food contains teeth and jaws for mastication |
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Two sets of bones in the skull:
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cranial and facial
|
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# cranial bones
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8
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two paired cranial bones:
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parietal
temporal |
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four unpaired cranial bones:
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frontal
occipital sphenoid ethmoid |
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irregular cranial bones consist of what three layers of bone?
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spongy layer between
internal and external tables (flat layers) of compact bone |
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internally, bony ridges divide the cranial bones at the base of the skull into three (X)
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fossae or depressed regions
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The forehead is formed by what bone?
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frontal
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The elevation that extends laterally from the glabella (between the eyebrows above the nose) is the:
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supercilliary arch
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bony cavities that house the eyes:
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orbits
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The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are named for what? what are the names?
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bones in which they are found:
frontal ethmoid sphenoid maxillary |
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The mental nerve and vessels enter through what structure?
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mental foramen
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When viewing the head superiorly, what two sutures are visible?
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sagittal
lambdoidal |
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Skull sutures include (4)
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coronal
sagittal lambdoidal squamous |
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Freely movable skull joint:
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mandible
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Hyoid bone is located in front of the neck between (X) and (Y)
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mandible
larynx |
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The hyoid serves as a moveable base for what?
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tongue
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The hyoid is an attachment for the (X) muscles that help elevate the (Y) during (Z) and speech
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neck
larynx swallowing |
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# vertebrae
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26
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# movable vertebrae
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24
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The cervical and lumbar curves are (concave/convex) anteriorly
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convex
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The thoracic and sacral curves are (concave/convex) posteriorly
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convex
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What two vertebral regions are concave posteriorly?
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cervical and lumbar
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What two vertebral regions are concave anteriorly?
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thoracic and sacral
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Muscle attaches to what parts of a typical vertebrae?
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spinous process
two transverse processes |
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The superior and inferior articular processes of a vertebrae articulate with what?
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the vertebrae immediately above and below them
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# cervical vertebrae
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7
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# thoracic vertebrae
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12
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# lumbar vertabrae
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5
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What is formed by the fusion of four vertebrae?
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coccyx (or 3)
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What is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae?
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sacrum
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The first vertebrae is the (atlas/axis) and lacks what two things?
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atlas
lacks a body lacks a spinous process |
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What vertebrae lacks a body?
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atlas, C-1 lacks a body or sp
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Vertebrae that is a ring of bone?
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atlas, C-1
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Vertebrae with a toothlike process that projects superiorly called the (X)
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axis
dens |
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The discoid weight bearing portion of a vertebrae=
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body
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The body and arch form the (X)
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vertebral foramen
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Collectively, the body and arch of C3-7 form the vertebral (X) which houses the spinal cord
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canal
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the bony connections between the vertebral bodies and TP are called (X)
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pedicles
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The bony connections between transverse and spinous processes are called (X)
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laminae
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Each thoracic vertebra articulates bilaterally with the (X)
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ribs
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The first (#) thoracic vertebrae have facets on the (X) that articulate with the (Y) of the ribs
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10
transverse processes tubercles |
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largest and strongest vertebrae
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lumbar
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triangular bone that articulates superiorly with the sacrum
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coccyx
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alignment of the vertebral (X) forms the vertebral canal
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foramina
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flat, broad structures that fuse to form the posterior portion of the vertebral arch
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laminae
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the vertebral structures that project posteriorly from the vertebral body, forming the sides of the vertebral foramen:
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pedicles
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Processes in vertebrae project laterally at the points where a (X) and (Y) join
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lamina
pedicle |
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A spinous process projects (list two directions) from the junction of the laminae
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posteriorly and inferiorly
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Two superior articular processes project (upward/downward) from the laminae
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upward
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Two inferior articular processes articulate with the immediately (inferior/superior) vertebrae
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inferior
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This is a broad sheath of CT along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies:
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anterior longitudinal ligament
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This is a relatively narrow sheath of CT that lies along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies, inside the vertebral canal
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posterior longitudinal ligament
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The posterior longitudinal ligament lies inside the (X)
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vertebral canal
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The ligamenta flava, interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament all attach to what part of the spine?
|
spinous processes
|
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The rib cage, sternum and thoracic vertebrae make up what structure?
|
bony thorax
|
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Function of the bony thorax:
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protects the heart, lungs and great vessels of the thoracic cavity;
supports the pectoral girdle; provides attachment points for various muscles |
|
the bony thorax consists of what structures
dorsally: laterally: anteriorly (2): |
thoracic vertebrae (dorsally)
ribs (laterally) sternum and costal cartilages (anteriorly) |
|
the first # pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum by costal cartilages
|
7 (or 8)
|
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what are "true ribs"?
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ribs that connect to the sternum by their own costal cartilages; ribs 1-7 (or 8)
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# pairs false ribs:
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5
|
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The first three pairs of false ribs connect to what?
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costal cartilages immediately above them
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The last two pairs of false ribs are called (X) because of what fact?
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"floating ribs" because they do NOT connect to costal cartilages
|
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# pairs of "floating ribs"
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2
|
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Are all floating ribs false ribs?
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yes
|
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Are all false ribs floating ribs?
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no
|
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Which pairs of ribs are either floating or false ribs?
|
Ribs 8-12 (or 9-12)
|
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This is a flat bone that joins the ribs anteriorly to close the wall of the bony thorax
|
sternum
|
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The sternum consists of a triangular portion called the (X), the main part or (Y), and the smallest portion (Z)
|
manubrium
body xiphoid process |
|
the manubrium has a depression called the (X)
|
suprasternal notch
|
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# bones in the appendicular skeleton
|
126
|
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Name the only four appendicular bones left after the upper and lower limb bones
|
pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
pelvic girdle: two os coxae (aka hip or innominate bones) |
|
the (X) forms the anterior portion of the shoulder girdle
|
clavicle
|
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The (X) forms the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle. Its two prominent bony projections are the (Y) and (Z)
|
scapula
coracoid process acromion process |
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# bones in the upper limbs
|
30
|
|
longer forearm bone=
|
ulna
|
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structure than maintains wrist concavity and forms the passage of the flexor tendons (carpal tunnel)
|
flexor retinaculum
|
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each hand has # tapering bones (phalanges)
|
14
|
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The bony pelvis consists of (X) and (Y)
|
sacrum
pelvic girdle (paired coxal bones) |
|
At birth, each coxa contains what three bones?
|
ilium
ischium pubis |
|
The posteroinferior part of the os coxa is known as the
|
ischium
|
|
Pubic bone aka
|
pubis
|
|
The pubis and ischium join to form what region?
|
obturator foramen
|
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the two pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the (X)
|
symphysis pubis
|
|
deep round socket on the (lateral/medial) surface of the os coxa
|
acetabulum
lateral |
|
lower limbs consist of # bones
|
30
|
|
# phalanges of each foot
|
14
|
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Which femoral condyle articulates with the tibia?
|
both
|
|
Bony projection located superolateral to the neck of the femur
|
greater trochanter
|
|
Patella articulates where?
|
Anterior surface between the femoral condyles
|
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Distally the tibia articulates with what ankle bone?
|
talus
|
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How much weight does the fibula bear?
|
none
|
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Which end of the fibula articulates with the tibia?
|
both
|
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The instep is formed by what bones?
|
metatarsals
|
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The toes are formed by what bones?
|
phalanges
|
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Name the seven tarsals
|
talus
calcaneus cuboid navicular medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms |
|
The five metatarsals are numbered starting with which toe?
|
Hallux
|
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Which toe has less phalanges?
|
hallux has only two phalanges
|
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Bones are composed of specialized CT that consists of a collagenous (X) impregnated with calcium (Y) and small amounts of calcium (Z) and other minerals
|
collagenous matrix
calcium phosphate calcium carbonate |
|
bone resorption = formation/breakdown?
|
breakdown
|
|
bone resorption exceeds formation in old age, causing a decrease in (X)
|
bone density
|
|
Heavy weight bearing promotes stronger bones by stimulating (X) and inhibiting (Y)
|
osteoblast formation and bone matrix production;
inhibiting osteoclast activity |
|
two types of bone formation
|
endochondral
intramembranous |
|
osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells in the endochondral/intramembranous bone formation process?
|
both
|
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name the type of cells that secrete alkaline phosphatase which liberates phosphate ions
|
osteoblasts
|
|
calcium phosphate, which is deposited in bone matrix, is made up of what two ions?
|
calcium
phosphate |
|
Name the enzyme that allows phosphate ions to release during bone formation
|
alkaline phosphatase
|
|
osteoblasts are transformed into (X) after a bone is formed
|
osteocytes
|
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In (X) type of bone formation, a cartilage model forms first, then osteoblasts invade the cartilage and convert it into bone
|
endochondral bone formation
|
|
areas of endochondral bone formation are called:
|
centers of ossification
|
|
In a long bone, ossification begins in what area? And then in what area next?
|
shaft first (diaphyses), then in the ends next (epiphyses)
|
|
What type of bone formation occurs in many flat bones of the skull and in the clavicle?
|
intramembranous bone formation
|
|
In intramembranous bone formation, what part of the process of endochondral bone formation is missing?
|
Osteoblasts form these bones directly without a preliminary cartilage mass
|
|
In intramembranous bone formation, bone-forming cells differentiate from precursor cells in CT and begin to produce bone where?
|
directly within the CT
|
|
During intramembranous bone formation, the initial centers of ossification extend peripherally and eventually convert all the (X) to (Y)
|
connective tissue to bone
|
|
In endochondral formation, bone grows in LENGTH by continuous production of (X) a the (Y) end of the epipheseal plate, and conversion of cartilage into bone in the (Z) end of the epiphyseal plate; this all followed by remodeling of the bone to maintain its form.
|
cartilage
distal proximal |
|
When are epiphyseal lines converted into bone?
|
toward the end of adolescence
|
|
How does endochondral formed bone THICKEN?
|
Addition of newly formed bone from the periosteum increases long bone diameter
|
|
"Centers of ossification" is a term used to describe a part of what bone-forming process?
|
endochondral bone formation
|
|
Epipheseal lines are part of what bone-forming process?
|
endochondral
eg long bone growth |
|
What hormones and nutrients in the body affect bone formation?
|
pituitary growth hormone
& sex hormones; also calcium and vitamin D |
|
Why does vitamin D help grow bones?
|
Vit D promotes calcium absorption and incorporation into the bone matrix
|
|
Osteoclasts have (no/one/many) nuclei?
|
many
|
|
Osteoclasts promote bone remodeling by doing what?
|
removing unwanted bone while new bone is forming in other areas
|
|
What enzymes do osteoclasts secrete that digest the organic bone matrix?
|
lysosomal enzymes (protein digesting)
|
|
What two types of acids do osteoclasts secrete, which desolve calcium phosphate and other bone minerals?
|
lactic and citric
|
|
What process do osteoclasts actively employ that digests small bone fragments?
|
phagocytosis
|
|
What ions are commonly released into the bloodstream during bone resorption?
|
calcium and phosphate ions become part of the body's ion pool
|
|
What glandular substance promotes bone resorption?
|
adrenal cortical hormones
|
|
Major joint type that allows for practically no movement:
|
fibrous (synarthroses) practically no movement
eg sutures between skull bones |
|
Major joint type that allows for some movement
|
cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) allow slight movement
eg vertebral joints, sacroiliac, symphysis pubis |
|
Major joint type that allows for free movement
|
synovial (diarthroses)
eg shoulder, wrist, hip, knee |
|
Synarthroses are fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial?
|
fibrous
|
|
Amphiarthroses are fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial?
|
cartilaginous
|
|
Diarthroses are fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial?
|
synovial
|
|
Joint type that unites bones with a thin layer of fibrous CT
|
synarthroses
eg skull |
|
Joint type that unites bones with a fibrocartilage
|
amphiarthroses
eg vertebrae bodies and SI joints |
|
Joint type made of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surface of the bones
and a capsule with fluid in it |
synovial
eg hip, ankle |
|
fibrous CT that attaches muscle to bone
|
tendon
|
|
dense flexible bands of CT that attach bones to bones
|
ligaments
|
|
dense tissue of fibers embedded in a strong , gel like substance; supports and shapes various structures
|
cartilage
|
|
Bursae are small synovial fluid sacs that appear around joints between (X), (Y), and (Z) and cushion nearby tissues
|
bones
tendons ligaments |
|
(X) muscles exert force on(Y), which pull on bones to which they are attached
|
skeletal
tendons |
|
During movement, bones act as (levers/fulcrums) and joints act as (levers/fulcroms)
|
levers
fulcrums |
|
During movement,
(X) decreases the joint angle (Y) increases the joint angle (Z) increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position |
flexion
extension hyperextension |
|
During movement,
(X) moves the limb in a circle (Y) moves the limb twd midline (Z) moves the limb away from midline |
circumduction
adduction aBduction |
|
During movement,
(X) revolves the limb around a longitudinal axis moving it toward the midline (Y) or away from midline (Z) |
rotation
internal external |
|
During movement,
(X) turns the palm upward (Y) turns the palm downward (Z) turns the plantar surface inward |
supination
pronation inversion |
|
During movement,
(X) turns the plantar surface outward (Y) moves the jaw backward (Z) moves the jaw forward |
eversion
retraction protraction |
|
The bone marrow produces (X) through hematopoieses
|
red blood cells
|