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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory (1971)
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-Most common theory in memory
-Assumed info from environment & first processed by a series of sensory memory systems, provide interface between perception & memory. |
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Sensory Modalities
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Vision, Audition, Taste, Smell, Skin Senses (Somesthetic), Kinesthesia, Vestibular
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Part-Set Cues
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-Hints don't help
- Harder - Direct Association |
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Tip-Tongue
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-Insuffienct/ Inapp cues that cause forgetting.
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Stairway to Heaven Demo
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-Need to be shown info
-Constructive process b/c our perception influence our sensory memory. -Top-Down Process - Hear Satanic Words |
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Early: Broadbent's Filter Theory
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Sensory Memory → Selective Filter → Decision & Interpretation → Memory
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Late: Tresiman's Attenuation Theory
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Sensory Memory → Attenuator (Leaky Filter) Cocktail Party.
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Stroop Effect
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color word, reading automatic process, controlled effort, battle between auto & control procedures.
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Emotional Stroop
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-Slower reading
- Emotional words (murder) |
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Baddeley’s Model of WM
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Different systems work as different memory buffer
1) Phonological Loop 2) Visuospatial Sketchpad 3) Episodic Buffer (combines 2 processes) |
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Corsi/ Visual Pattern Tasks: Spatial
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Block tasks, visual/ spatial tasks don't interfere with verbal recall visual task rely on verbal procedure & verbal task rely on visual procedure
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Cowan's Activation Model
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- WM & Focus of Attention
- Argues WM is highly activated in LTM or STM, no separate subsystems. -Activation will decay to cause loss of info from WM |
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Craik & Lockhart: Levels of Processing
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structural, acoustic, semantic processing, incidental learning.
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Limits of Perception
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A representation of reality as our brain sees it
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Perception as Construction
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Not perceiving word as it is, perceive as brain perceives it and can change (Top-DOwn). Previous experience affective, based on prior knowledge & experiences.
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Phantom words & Other Curiosities
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-Reg Speech = Song
-Stimuli not Transformed -Musical Context isn't added - All need is repetition - Speech remains song heard distant future |
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Bottom-Up
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-Physical characteristics of stimulus drive perception
-Bits of info combined to percept |
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Top-Down
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Knowledge, expectations, & thoughts influence perception, constructivism.
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Prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize & see faces
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Thatcher Illusion
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difficult when face upside down
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Capgras Delusion
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-Looks imposture
- Identical, connection between auditory & kin - Determine by emotions |
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Change Blindness
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failure to notice change in visual stimulus (project backwards, consistency)
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Attentional Blindness
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Failure to notice unexpected stimuli isn't in one's field of vision when pay attention something else (GORILLA/ BASKETBALL)
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Collaborative Inhibition
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Bias of other ideas
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Memory Regression
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Shift Recency → Primacy (Sally)
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Cocktail Party Problem
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-(Late) Treisman's Attention Theory
-Switch ears, meaningful info, name |
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Types of Attention
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-Arousal/ General Orienting
-Vigilance/ Sustained Attention (Pilot/ Boat) - Selective Attention (inner thoughts, distractions, driving on phone, focus implicit stimuli) -Bottle Neck |
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Iconic Memory
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Brief storage of visual info. Sensory Buffer up to 1 Sec. Sperling, limited storage
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Echoic Memory
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Auditory Sensory Memory EX: phone #, pattern errors. Sensory Buffer up to 10 sec.
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Controlled Processes: Explicit
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Deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration
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Automatic Processes: Implicit
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concealed from consciousness, unintentional, consume few attentional resources.
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Automatization
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process which a procedure changes from highly controlled to relatively automatic (driving, Piano)
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Action Slips
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unintended, automatic actions, inappropriate for current situation. Exacerbated when a person is unable to control attention & avoid automatic behavior. (EX: capture-errors, omission, & preservation, description errors, associate activation errors.
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STM
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general public= remembering over a few hours, days. Performance on a memory task involving simple retention of small amounts of info tested immediately/ after short delay.
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Chunking
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easier recall sequence, memory span based on chunks
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Serial Position Curve
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Free Recall Experiment given a lot of words → recall result U-Shaped curve. Remember begins b/c lack of PI and ends b/c STM.
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Primary
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better recall at begining
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Recency
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better end than middle
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WM
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Highly activated in STM or LTM, more than STM storage, system temporarily stores & manipulates info, reason, learn, comprehend. 1) Phonological Loop 2) Visuospatial Sketchpad 3) Episodic Buffer
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Phonological Loop
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verbal buffer holds items, verbal rehearsal, main evidence STM, limited, # items rehearsed.
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Phonological Similarity Effect
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memory span smaller for words that sound the same
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Word Length Effect
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smaller, longer words than shorter words
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Articulatory Suppression
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"The" repeatedly prevents rehearsal, phonological similarity & word length effect disappear.
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Irrelevant- Sound Effect
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Verbal Memory disrupted concurrent sounds (speech, music)
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
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system maintence & manipulation of visual & spaital info. Rely on cognitive and neural processes in visual perception
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Central Executive
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attentional controller, 2 main modes operation 1) Semi-Auto Conflict Res. System 2) Supervisory Attentional System (SAS). WOrks with Episodic buffer integrate info multiple sources & LTM
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PFC Damage
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causes executive functioning deficits, preservation, and utilization.
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Episodic Buffer
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links subsystems to process multi-modal info, links WM with LTM
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Complex Memory Span Tasks
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- Reading Span= remember & understand seat. Keep word in WM.
- Operation Span= process info same time |
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Individual Different WMC
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Reflects ability to control attention in goal-directed manne. Maintain/ Activate goal if face of comp.
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Mindwandering & WMC vs. Mindfulness (Mrazek et al.)
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Minwandering: Pay attention somewhere else, good WM
Mindfulness: naturally arising thoughts & elaborate thinking, minimize distracting past/ future concerns, breath anchor, mediation, rest brain vs. suppress thought. |
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LTM
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relate info to what you already know. How info encoded determines if be recalled.
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Patient H.M.
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bilateral medial-temp lobes & hippo removed, treat epilepsy. Good STM, not LTM/ Anterograde Amnesia.
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Maintence vs. Elaborative Rehearsal
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M= process at same level or keep in mind.
E= items not kept in mind but process more deeply & elaborately. |
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Encoding/ Ret Paradigm (Barcaly et al/ Mantyla & Nilsson)
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principle of encoding/ transfer appropriate processing. Performance better if method used to learn= same to encode
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Context Dependent Memory
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Context Cues help you remember better (environment mood).
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State-Dependent Memory
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form of context, drugs (Rickels et al.)
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Mood Dependent Memory
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events encoded in certain emotional state
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Mood Congruent Memory
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not form context-dependent memory. Bias in recall of memories
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Variability Encoding
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learn in different environment helps you learn better
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Interleaved Practice (Shea & Morgan)
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acquisition & retention of 3 similar motor skills (bag toss)
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Spacing Effect & Testing Effect
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Spacing= Immediate vs. Delayed test
Testing= Enhance memory |
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PI
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Earlier learning interference. Recall later learning increase delay.
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RI
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Later learning interference. Recall early learning decrease delay.
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Cue-Overload Principle
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the observed tendency for recall success to decrease as the number of to-be-remembered items associated to a cue increases.
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