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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is schizophrenia? |
- a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis - 1% of population;men>women - symptoms interfere with everyday tasks |
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What is the classification of mental disorders? |
- process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster in sufferers |
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What is the ICD-10? |
The World Health Organisation's International Classification of Disease edition 10 |
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What is the DSM-5? |
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual edition 5 |
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How does the classification of schizophrenia differ between ICD-10 and DSM-5? |
DSM-5: one positive symptom (delusions/hallucinations) must be present ICD-10: 2+ negative symptoms (flattened affect) must be present - ICD-10: recognises subtypes of schizophrenia |
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What are the three subtypes of schizophrenia classified by ICD-10? |
Paranoid schizophrenia: characterised by powerful delusions and hallucinations Hebephrenic schizophrenia: characterised primarily by negative symptoms Catatonic schizophrenia: disturbance to movement;suffer immobile/overractive |
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What are positive symptoms? |
- atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences. - include hallucinations and delusions |
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What are hallucinations? |
- type of positive symptom of schizophrenia - sensory experiences of stimuli that have no basis in reality/distorted perceptions of things - e.g hearing voices/seeing things that are not there |
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What are delusions? |
- type of positive symptom of schizophrenia - beliefs that have no basis in reality e.g. sufferer is someone else or is a victim of a conspiracy (being Jesus) |
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What are negative symptoms? |
- atypical experiences that represent loss of a usual experience e.g. clear thinking or 'normal' levels of motivation. - e.g. avolition/speech poverty |
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What is avolition? |
- type of negative symptom of schizophrenia - loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels Andreason: three identifying signs=poor hygiene/lack of persistence in work/lack of energy |
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What is speech poverty? |
- type of negative symptom of schizophrenia - reduced frequency and quality of speech DSM-5: emphasises speech disorganisation=positive symptom |
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What are the evaluation points of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
- reliability - validity - co-morbidity - symptom overlap - gender bias in diagnosis - cultural bias in diagnosis |
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What is the definition of reliability in terms of the diagnosis of schizophrenia? |
- extent to which two or more mental health professionals get the same diagnosis for the same patient |
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What is the 'reliability' evaluative point of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
Elie Cheniaux: two psychiatrists diagnose 100 patients with ICD/DSM=poor inter-rater reliability (DSM=26;ICD=44) vs (DSM=13;ICD=24)=reliability low |
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What is criterion validity? |
Cheniaux: When assessment systems come to the same diagnosis for the same patient |
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What is the 'validity' evaluative point of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
- schizophrenia is more diagnosed with ICD than DSM=over/under diagnosed - validity low |
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What is co-morbidity? |
- two or more conditions occur together |
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What is the 'co-morbidity' evaluative point of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
- questions validity of classification and diagnosis (might be single condition) Buckley: 1/2 diagnosed schizophrenics also diagnosed with depression |
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What is the 'symptom overlap' evaluative point of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
- schizophrenia and bipolar disorder=positive symptoms (delusions)/negative (avolition) -questions validity - under ICD=schizophrenic;under DSM=bipolar - may be one condition |
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What is the 'gender bias in diagnosis' evaluative point of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
Longnecker: studies of schizo prevalence=since 1980s men>women diagnosis - men may be genetically vulnerable - females function better=bias practitioners to under-diagnose |
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What is the 'cultural bias in diagnosis' evaluative point of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia? |
- Africans>white people (schizo diagnosis) - rates in Africa not high=not genetic - + symptoms (hearing voices) accepted in African culture=report to psychiatrist in Western culture=bizarre Escobar: mainly white psychiatrists over-interpret symptoms/distrust honesty of black people in diagnosis |
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What is the genetic basis of schizophrenia? |
- runs in family;weak evidence (share environ.) - twin studies: up genetic similar=up risk - many genes linked to inheritance - polygenic/aetiologically heterogeneous |
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What did Ripke find about the genetic basis of schizophrenia? |
- study combining data from genome studies - 37,000 patients vs 113,000 controls - 108 genetic variations identified - effect on neurotransmitter functioning |
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How are neurotransmitters involved in the dopamine hypothesis? |
- brain chemical messengers work different in schizophrenic brain e.g. dopamine (important in function of brain systems=symptoms) |