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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The stones which are visible in ultrasound are the ones made of ____ _____, which account for about ___ % of stones.
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calcium oxalate
75 |
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Three common areas where kidney stones get stuck are:
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1) Uertopelvic junction
2) Ureter 3) Uretovesicular junction |
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What is ESWL?
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Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy = use of acoustic pulse to treat kidney stones
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Stones which occur secondary to infection are called ____ stones.
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Struvite
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___ ____ stones occur with gout.
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Uric acid
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____ stones occur with highly acidic urine.
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Cystine
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Hydronephrosis is an _____ pathology, which will "thin out" the healthy kidney tissues.
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obstructive
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___ ____ is a very large calculus which nearly fills the calyceal system.
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Staghorn calculus
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What is pyelonephritis?
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Inflammation of the kidney as a result of bacterial infection
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Is sonography good for detecting an acute renal infection?
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No, all it can tell is that one kidney might look a little enlarged.
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Is ultrasound good for detecting drug induced nephrophathy?
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No
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A transplanted kidney is always placed _______.
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in the pelvic cavity
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Renal cell carcinoma has a tendency to invade the ___ ____, and from there the ____, and from there the ____.
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renal vein
IVC heart |
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What is a common malignant renal tumor in children, associated with abdominal enlargement?
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Wilms' tumor
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What is a condition, usually bilateral, meaning underdevelopment of kidneys, and which, in severe form, can cause renal insufficiency?
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Congenital renal hypoplasia
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What is another name for Wilms' tumor?
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hypernephroma
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What is a condition in which the kidneys do not form completely?
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Bilateral renal agenesis
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Which two lab values are always checked with kidney problems are suspected?
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1) Serum creatinine
2) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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What are the characteristics of serum creatinine?
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It elevates with renal dysfunction, and is more sensitive and specific to renal problems than BUN.
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What are the characteristics of BUN?
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It elevates with any of renal damage, acute or chronic disease, dehydration, or obstruction.
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What can be affected by renal parenchymal disease?
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1) The cortex
2) The corticomedullary junction |
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Urinary tract problems can lead to ___ ____.
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renal failure
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What are the 3 classifications of causes of urinary tract problems?
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1) Pre-renal (in the renal arteries)
2) Intrarenal (within the kidney) 3) Post-renal (in the collection system) |
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Emphysematous pyelonephritis is common in _____ and is usually (bilateral / unilateral).
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diabetics
unilateral |
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Xanthogranulomatous phelonephritis is common in case of ____ infections due to multiple ____ infections.
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chronic
acute |
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A mycetoma fungal ball / candidiasis is most commonly seen in patients with a ___ ____ ____. The kidney will be slightly ______.
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weak immune system
enlarged |
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The symptoms of acute pyelonephritis are:
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1) Slightly enlarged kidneys
2) Diffusely hypoechoic kidneys 3) Absence of central sinus echoes 4) Occurs due to bacterial infection 5) Is often retrograde (due to backup from ureters) |
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With chronic pyelonephritis, the kidneys will become (bigger / smaller) and (less / more) echogenic.
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smaller
more |
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The symptoms of pyonephrosis are
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1) Pus in kidneys
2) Pus is mobile (changes positition with change in patient position) |
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Any abscess is the end result of _____ ____.
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bacterial infection
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What will be the appearance of a renal abscess?
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1) Hypoechoic mass
2) Irregular margins 3) Filled with debris and/or fluid 4) Exhibits posterior enhancement 5) Exhibits dirty shadowing |
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What are the characteristics of acute cortical necrosis?
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It occurs as a result of burns, sepsis, incompatible blood transfusions, dehydration, etc.
Is also caused by acute glomerulonephritis. Since patients with these conditions are usually hospitalized, this is commonly seen in in-patients. The cortex is "affected", while the medulla looks "clean". |
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What are the characeristics of acute glomerulonephritis?
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1) It is non-bacterial (there is inflammation, but no infection)
2) It is auto-immune induced 3) It usually starts in the cortex |
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What are the characteristics of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
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1) It is the most common cause of acute renal failure
2) Bilateral 3) Enlarged kidneys 4) Hyperechoic renal pyramids 5) Often seen in renal transplants 6) It can be reversible |
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What are the characteristics of benign renal cysts?
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1) Round or oval
2) Anechoic 3) Posterior enhancement 4) Present in 50% of the population > age 50 5) Commonly seen in cortical region 6) Cysts do not communicate |
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What are the characteristics of a hemorrhagic renal cyst?
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1) Bleeding occurs into cyst
2) Internal echoes 3) May become infected (in which case we refer to it as an "infected cyst") |
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What are the characteristics of a parapelvic cyst?
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1) Cyst around the pelvic area
2) Usually does not communicate with collecting system, but may appear to do so |
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What are the characteristics of Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease (IPKD)?
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1) Kidneys very large
2) Kidneys echogenic 3) Abnormal proliferation of tubules 4) Always bilateral 5) Results in death 6) Autosomal recessive |
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What are the characteristics of Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease?
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1) A variant of polycystic kidney disease
2) Usually unilateral |
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What are the characteristics of APKD?
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1) Patient age > 40
2) Cysts in liver, spleen, and pancreas 3) Usually bilateral 4) Occurs with hypertension 5) Autosomal dominant 6) Is not fatal |
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What are the characteristics of Medullary Cystic Disease?
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1) Rare
2) Very aggressive 3) Autosomal dominant |
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What are the characteristics of medullary sponge kidney disease?
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1) Kidney function is normal
2) Cortex is normal 3) Echogenic pyramids 4) Dysplastic cystic dilation of medullary and papillary portion of collecting system |
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What is nephrocalcinosus?
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The 2nd stage of medullary sponge kidney disease, when calcification occurs.
It is a type of obstructive uropathy. |
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What is obstructive uropathy?
(He jumps back to slide #23 of the "Renal Scanning" slide set) |
90% of the time, it is stones, but it could also be a mass pressing on the system.
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What are some characteristics of nephrolithiasis?
(not a test question) |
1) Affects 12% of US population
2) 3% will get colic (pain) |
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How many people can expect to get renal tubular acidosis?
(write it down) |
More than 70% of those with a family history of kidney stones (?)
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Ultrasound is the best modality for diagnosing ___ stones, but CT is the best modality (the "gold standard") for diagnostic ___ stones.
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gall
renal |
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Radiography (x-ray) has __% sensitivity, __ % specificity
(Renal scanning slide #25) |
62%
67% (If you don't know what sensitivity and specificity are, do some research and understand it - it's very important for RDMS testing purposes!) |
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What's an IVP?
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Intravenous pyelogram. A dye injected into veins. (slide #26). Defines contour of collecting system. Excreted by the kidney (100% filtration).
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What is KUB?
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Kidney, Ureter, & Bladder.
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