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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the current prevalence rate of ADHD? |
9% |
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What is the most common subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder that is diagnosed? |
Almost twice as many are diagnosed with inattentive type compared to combined and hyperactive type |
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What are environmental risk factors for ADHD? |
Poverty Single-parent households Those having Medicaid |
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Which Age band has a higher incidence of ADHD? 10 to 17-year-olds or 5 to 9-year-olds? |
10 to 17-year-olds
Incidence increases with age |
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How do whites, blacks, and Hispanics differ in ADHD rates? |
There is no difference between whites and blacks. Latinos have lower ADHD rates |
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What are the gender differences in ADHD diagnosis? |
Boys are twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed. This may be due to girls' more subtle symptoms and later symptom onset. |
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What is sluggish cognitive tempo? |
It is the hypothesis that slowed thinking, daydreaming, lethargy, decreased responsiveness, and physical under activity and are associated with the inattentive type of ADHD versus combined type.
Think spacey. |
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Does the research support the inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptom dimensions in ADHD? |
Yes, but not the diagnostic subtypes, which are not stable over time.
Although not the validity of hyper active symptoms beyond the preschool years remains unclear. |
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What two types of ADHD does the research support most, but not fully, as distinct diagnoses? |
The inattentive type and the hyperactive type. There does not appear to be a significant difference between the inattentive and combined type, as they both lead to more significant functional impairment then hyperactive type alone. |
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By what age do symptoms need to be present for a diagnosis of ADHD? |
12 |
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Is the presence of an autistic disorder exclusionary for ADHD? |
No, not anymore. |
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Where in the brain are most abnormalities seen in ADHD? |
Basal ganglia abnormalities, especially in the head of the caudate nucleus.
Other Frontal-subcortical disruptions
Other abnormalities are in the corpus callosum, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe. |
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What percentage of first degree relatives of children with the disorder also have ADHD? |
30-35% |
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What accounts for most of the phenotypic variance (i.e., not genetic) in ADHD? |
Measurement error and environment |
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How much of the genetic variance in ADHD can be explained by identified candidate genes? |
Very little. |
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What neurotransmitters appear to be most related to ADHD?
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Dopamine (as also supported by molecular genetic studies of dopamine transporter gene DAT1)
Serotonin |
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What effect does a comorbid condition (e.g., dyslexia, ODD) have on the severity of ADHD?
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It has a synergistic effect that worsens the severity of ADHD.
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How does ADHD present? |
Go watch Billy Madison |
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How do the symptoms of gross motor over-activity change from early childhood into adulthood? |
Begins as clumsiness, restlessness, walking around and moving excessively;
Then, in adolescence, reduces to fidgitiness, internal restlessness. |
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How does ADHD affect social relationships? |
Kids have a hard time perceiving social cues and generating solutions to social problems.
Combine this with aggression and you have peer rejection. |
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What comorbid conditions are associated with the hyperactivity aspects of ADHD? |
Externalizing disorders: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Tic disorders |
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What comorbid conditions are associated with the inattentive aspects of ADHD? |
Depression Specific learning disorders |
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Are neuropsychological tests useful as a sole determinant diagnosis of ADHD? |
It is best left to clinical interview and behavioral rating scales |
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How does FSIQ in ADHD patients compare to community samples' FSIQ? |
ADHD patients' IQ is 1/2 a standard deviation lower Differences are found on all four WAIS-IV clinical indices (i.e., VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI) |
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According to the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD, what treatment produced the largest effect size? |
Medication (psychostimulants)
The addition of behavioral therapy did not do much (except maybe some non-ADHD symptom improvement...like improved social skills). |
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What percentage of ADHD patients benefit from stimulants? |
70-90% |
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What is the first-line behavioral treatment to address the non-core symptoms (e.g., social skills) of ADHD? |
Behavioral Parent Training |
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What is the rate of comorbidity between ADHD and developmental dyslexia? |
25-40% |
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What type of ADHD is most heritable? |
Inattentive type |
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What are common side effects of psychostimulants? |
Decreased appetite Insomnia Increased heart rate and blood pressure |
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Do adults with ADHD alone need extended time on exams? |
Not really. They tend to whip through them impulsively, so more time isn't really the answer. |
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What are the two components of Posner and Petersen's model of attention? |
Anterior and Posterior attention networks |
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What is the primary function of the posterior attention network? |
ORIENTING and SHIFTING ATTENTION |
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What is the function of the anterior attention network? |
DETECTION and DISCRIMINATION of stimuli from events or memory |
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What is the third attention network? |
ALERTING attention from the Reticular Activating System |
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What are the structures in the anterior attention network? |
1. Prefrontal cortex (selecting, focus, alternating between select stimuli) 2. Orbitofrontal (Inhibition of responses) 3. Dorsolateral frontal (Initiation of responses) 4. Anterior cingulate and Limbic (Motivation and Saliency of stimuli) |
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What are the structures of the posterior attention network? |
1. Inferior and posterior Parietal (Disengagement from a stimulus) 2. Superior and Inferior Colliculus 3. Lateral Pulvinar (Filtering distractors and extracting information) 4. Right Hemisphere (Spatial attention |
