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17 Cards in this Set
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Any form of behavior (physical or psychological) directed toward that goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment |
Aggression |
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Forms of Aggression -Assertive behavior |
Purposeful, goal directed behaviors that do not involve intended harm 1. no intent to harm 2. legitimate force |
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Forms of Aggression -instrumental aggression |
aggressive behavior committed to achieve a non-aggressive goal. This form of aggression may take a byproduct of an athlete's attempt to achieve his/her goal 1. intent to harm 2. goal to win 3. no anger |
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Forms of Aggression -Hostile aggression |
Violence. aggressive behavior involving anger with the primary goal of harm or injury 1. intent to harm 2. goal to harm 3. anger |
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Theories of aggression |
1. Natural Instinct 2 testosterone 3. nature of the games 4. violence in media/ professional levels |
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Lorenz Theory of Aggression ( 1966) |
aggression is an innate fighting instinct that developed through the course of evolution -aggression is similar to a pressure cooker. The fighting instinct spontaneously generates aggressive energy that continues to build up until it is released through an aggressive act. |
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Natural Testosterone and sports: |
-immediately prior to the competition, testosterone levels increased -the winning athletes had higher testosterone levels relative to the losers. |
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Natural Testosterone in Crimes: -will injecting a person with testosterone make them more aggressive? |
-male and female criminal who commit more violent crimes have higher levels of testosterone. -Testosterone doesn't make people more aggressive |
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Social Predisposition -Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard) |
-Frustration, which occurs due to the blocking of goal directed behavior, induces an aggressive drive, which in turn facilitates aggressive behavior. -aggression always stems directly from frustration |
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Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1973) |
Aggression is a learned social behavior and as such, is acquired, elicited, and maintained in the same manner as the other behaviors -sport teaches and encourages aggressive behavior |
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What is the Bobo doll study (Bandura, 1965)? |
-several conditions in which a child observed a model interact with a Bobo doll. Results: -if the model was rewarded for aggressive acts-the child committed more aggressive acts -if the model was reprimanded for aggressive acts-the child committed fewer aggressive acts -if the model was reprimanded for aggressive acts but the child was offered a reward for imitating the aggressive behavior-the child committed more aggressive acts. |
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what is the Aronson, wilso, & Akert (2005) |
a long-term study of over 700 families found an association between the amount of time spent watching violent television as a teenager and the likelihood of committing acts of aggression later in life. |
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what is the Goldstein & Arms (1971) |
empirically showed that those individuals that watched football, ice hockey, and wrestling reported increased aggression compared to those individuals that watched gymnastics and swimming |
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Smith (1996) influence on aggression |
-contents that violence in youth hockey comes from the professional level because hockey encourages aggression to advance to the upper levels -young hockey players learn aggressive behavior through reinforcement and modeling (Bandura). |
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Cathartic Nature of Sport: |
aggressive is released on the field and therefore, reduced during non-sport environments |
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Inflammatory Nature of Sports: |
sport facilitates aggression because learning and reinforcement of aggression (through sport) will increase the probability of future aggression |
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what are the 3 significant factors that could contribute to increased violence in athletes |
1. male bonding ritual 2. preconditioning for violence against women 3. drugs and violent behavior |
