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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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detects environmentl changes & triggers nerve impulses to travel to central nervous syst?
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sensory receptors
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with what are the somatic senses associated?
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touch, pressure, temp, pain
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where are somatic receptors located?
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throiughout skin and deeper tissues
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5 types of receptors
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chemoreceptors, pain rec, thermorec, mechanorec, photorec
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what stimulates mechanoreceptors?
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change in oressure or movement
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what ius a feeling that occurs when brain interprets sensory impulses?
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sensation
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whats it called when brain sends impulse back to original source?
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projection
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whats ability to ignore unimportant stimuli?
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sensory adaptation
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what are 3 touch and pressure receptors?
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free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, pacinian cospuscles
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where are receptors associated with touch and pressure found?>
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epithelial tissue
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where are meissner's corpuscles found?
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hairless portions of skin
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where are pacinian corpuslces found?
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subcutaneous tissues and muscle tendons and joint ligaments
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what are 2 tempo receptors?
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warm and cold receptors
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what causes burning sensation
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near and above 45 degrees C
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what causes freezing sensation?
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near and below 10 C
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where are no pain receptors?
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nrevous tissue of brain
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why are pain receptors imprtant?
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protect the body b/s tissue damage stimulates them
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what is ischemia
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defuciency of oxygen rich blood in tissue
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whats it called when visceral pain feels as if its coming from some part of body other than the part stimulated
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referred pain
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why does referred pain occur
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common nerve pathways that carry sensory impulses from skin areas as well as visceral
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what 2 types of nerve fibers conduct impulses from pain receptors
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acute and chronic nerve fibers
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what kind of pain is associated with with acute pain fibers?
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sharp
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wat kind of pain is produced by chronic pain fibers?
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dull, aching
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when do we become aware of pain?
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when pain impulses reach thalamus
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what does cerebral cortex do relating to pain?
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determine pain intensity, locate pain source, mediates emotional and motor responses
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what can endorphins do?
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suppres pain with morphine like actions
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where are endorphins found?
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pituitary gland and hypothalamus
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what are special senses?
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those whose sensory receptors are within large, complex sensory organs in head..smell (olfactory) taste(taste buds) hearing/equilibrium(ears)sight(eyes)
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what kind of receptors are associated with smell and taste
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chemoreceptors
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where can olfactory receptors be found
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upper parts of nasal cavity,superior nasal conchae, portion of nasal spetum
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what are olfactory receptor cells called?
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bipolar neurons
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what are odorant molecules
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chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors
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when do receptors detect odorant molecules
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dissolve atleast partially in watery fluid that surrounds cilia
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where do we find olfactory bulbs
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either side of crista galli of ethmoid bone
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from olfactory bulbs, where do impulses travel?
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olfactory tracts to the limbic system
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where are the olfactory impulses interpreted in the brain?
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temporal lobe, base of frontal lobe, anterior to hypothalamus
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how many olfactory receptor cells do humans have compared to bloodhounds?
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12 million to 4 billion
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what has diminished the human sense of smell sompared to that of other animals?>
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evolution
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whre are pain receptors found in brain?
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meninges and blood vessels
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whgat causes tension headaches
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prolonged contraction of forehead, sides of head, back of neck
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what cause vascular headaches
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constriction or dilation of ccranial blood vessels
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what are the special organs of taste
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taste buds
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what are the tiny elevatoins of bumps on the tongue
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papillae
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what are the receptor cells called in each taste bud
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taste cells
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how many receptor cells are in each taste bud
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50-150
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what is opening of tastebud called
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taste pore
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what are sensitive parts of taste receptors called
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taste hairs
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why are cats and dogs satisfied with less varied diets than humasn
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have less taste buds
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what provides fluid to dissolve chemicals so we can taste
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salivary glands
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what are 4primary taste sensations
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sweet, sour, salty, bitter
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what are 2 additional recognized tstes
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alkaline, metallic
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what 3 things are involved in experiencing flavor
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tasting, smelling, and feeling texture/temp
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what does capsaicin stimulate
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heat receptors
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what is the tip of the tongue most sensitive to
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sweet stimuli
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what taste occurs on side of tongue
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sour
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where is bitter detected
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back
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what lobe of the cerebrum interprets taste
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parietal
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what are 2 functions of ear
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hearing and equilibrium
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what are 3 parts of the outer ear
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auricle, external acoustic meatus, eardrum
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what does auricle do
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collects soundwaves traveling thru air and directs them to external acoustic meatus
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what is teh eardrum or tempanic membrane
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semitransparent membrane
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what is air filled space in temporal bone
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tympanic cavity
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what are 3 auditory ossicles
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malleus, incus, stapes
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what do the auditory ossicles do
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transmit vibrations b/t eardrum and inner ear
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what leads to the inner ear
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oval window
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what stimulates hearing receptors
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vibration of stapes at ovsal window moving a fluid within inner ear
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what connects middle ear to throat
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auditory tube
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what does auditory tube do/
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conduct air b/t tympanic cavity and outside of body by throat and mouth, maintains equal air pressure on oth sides of eardrum
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why can infectoins of throat soread to ear
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auditory tyube mucous membrane coinnects with middle ear lining
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what are the communicating chambers and tubes in the inner ear called
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labyrinth
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what is the bony canal of temporal bone
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osseous labyrinth
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what lies with the osseous and membranous lebyrinths
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perilymph
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what is found inside the membranous labyrinth
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endolymph
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what part of the inner ear functions in equilibrium
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semicircular canals
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what part of the inner ear functions in hearing
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cochlea
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what contains th hearing receptors
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organ of corti
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describe the mebrane of hair cell when at rest
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membrane is polarized
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what cranial nerve is simulated by hair cells in organ of corti
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vestibulocochlear
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where does the cranial nerve carry impulses to in the brain
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auditory cortex of temporal lo be
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what are decibels
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unit that measures sound intensity
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what dB causes pain
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140 dB
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what kind of deafness is caused by loud sounds
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sensorineural deafnes
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what kind of deafness could be caused by a torn or perforated eardrum
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conductive
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what organs sense the position of the head when still?
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static equilibrium
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what organs detect motion and maintain bakance
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dynamic equilibrium
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what is the bony chamber b/t the semicircular canals and cochlea
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vestibule
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what are the 2 expanded chambers inside vestibule
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macula
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what stimulates hair cells
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head bending forward or side to side
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what are the organs of dynamic equilibrium
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the 3 semicircular canals in the labyrinth
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where are the sensory hair cells found in the semicircular canals
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crista ampullaries
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what causes the symptoms of motion sickness
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symptoms that dont make sense
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how can motion sickness be prevented
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focusin gon horizon or object in distance ahead
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what are the accesory organs of sight
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eyelids, lacrimal apparatus
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what are 4 layers of eyelid
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skin, muscle, connective tissue, conjunctiva
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what is conjunctiva
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mucous membrane that lines the inner surfaces of eyelids and folds back to cover anterior surface of eyeball except for cornea
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what secretes tears
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lacrimal gland
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where does the nasolacrimal duct empty?
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nasal cavity
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what is found inside the membranous labyrinth
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endolymph
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where are the numerous hair cells foiund in vestibule
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macula
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