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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the diseases associated with hypo and hyper growth hormone?
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Hyper Gigantism in kids
Hyper Acromegaly in Adults Pituitary Dwarfism in children |
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Name the diseases associated with hypo and hyper secretion of Thryroid Stimulating Hormone?
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Hypo Cretinism in children
Hypo Myxedema in adults Hyper effects similar to Graves Disease |
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Name the diseases associated with hypo and hyper secretion of ACTH
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Hypo Addison Disease
Hyper Cushing Disease |
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Name the diseases associated with hypo and hyper secretion of FSH
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Hypo Failure of sexual maturation
Hyper No important effects |
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Name the diseases associated with hypo and hyper secretion of LH
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Hypo Failure of sexual maturation
Hyper No important effects |
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Name the effects of hypo and hyper secrertion of Prolactin?
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Hypo Poor milk production in nursing women
Hyper Inappropriate milk production (females) Impotence and breast enlargement (males) |
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Name the effects of hypo and hyper secrertion of ADH?
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Hypo Diabetes insipidus
Hyper SIADH |
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Name the Target Organs of Growth Hormone>
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Liver, Muscle, Bone, and Other Tissues. Stimulate somatic growth, mobile fat,
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Name the target Organs and effects of ACTH?
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Adrenal Cortex.. promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens to a lesser extent
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Name the Target Organs and Effects of FSH Follicule Stimulating Horomone?
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Ovaries and TEstes. Females Ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production.. Males.. stimulates sperm production
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Name the target organs of oxytocin and its effects
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Uterrus stimulates contaractions and initations labor. Breast: initates milk ejection.
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Name the target organs and effects of ADH or vasopressin
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Kidneys: stimulates kideny tubule cells to reabsorb water.
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Name the disease and sympotoms resulting from hypo secretion of Thyroid Hormone
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hypo myxedema. low metabolic rate, chills, co nstipation, thick dry skin, lethardy, mental sluggishness.if lact of iodine -> goiter
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Name the disease and sympotoms resulting from hyper secretion of Thyroid Hormone
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Graves Disease. believe to be autoimmune diseas.. elevated metabolic rate; sweating; rapid irregular heartbeat; nervousness; and weight loss despite adequate food intake. Protuding Eyeballs.
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Define Cretinism
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Severe hypothyroidism in infants.. Mental retardation, short disporportinately sized body, thick tongue and neck. May result of genetif deficieny of the fetal thyroid gland. or lack of dietary iodine
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Which cells of the parathryoid secret PTH?
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chief cells.
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Name the Target Organs and Effects of Parathyroid Horomone
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1. Bone Activate Osteoclasts to release calcium and phospahte ions into the blood
2. Intestine increase calcium absorption from food. Promotes activation of vitamin D 3. Kidney Increase calcium absportion. |
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Name the stimuli that effect PTH release
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Rsing Ca2+ i nthe blood to inhibit
Hypocalcemia to stimulate parathyroid glands |
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Name the zones of the Adrenal Gland
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The Medulla is deep to the cortex
The layers from the top down are capsule, Zona glomerulosa, Zona Fascicula, Zona reticularis, and Adrenal medulla |
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What does the zona glomerulosa produce. What are the effect of hyper and hypo secretion of this substance
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mineralocorticoids. hormones that help contorl the balance of minerals and water in the blood. Hyper secretion result in Aldesteronism. Hypo secretion results in Addison Disease
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What does the zona fasciulata produce
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol) which target body cells to promote gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia.
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What are the effects of hyper and hypo secretion of Cortisol
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Hypo Addison's Disease
Hyper Cushing Syndrome |
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What does the zona reticularis produce
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gonadocorticoids.
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Name the functions of mineralcorticoids, an example of one, target organs
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Aldersterone regulation of the electrolyte (mineral salt) concentrations in extracellular fluids. particular of Na+ and K+. Kidneys increase blodd lvels of Na+ and decrease blood levels of K+ caues water reabsorptoin, blood volume, and blood pressure to rise
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Name the functions target organs and effects of Glucocorticoids
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Body cells, promote gluconeogenesis and hyper glycemia; mobilize fats for engery; stimulate breakdown of protiens; depress inflammatory and immune responses.
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What does the Adreneal Medulla Produce. Name the effects
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Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Targets nervous system, increase heart and metabolic rate, increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.
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What affects the secretion of aldesterone
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ANP inhibitois
Kidney Renin Angiotension initaitions cascade that produces angiotensinogen II that simulates aldosterone release Plasma conentration of potassium and sodicum ions. High K+ stimulates, low K+ inhibits. Large decreases in Na+ cause slight increase. |
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Describe Cushing syndome
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glucocorticoid excess.
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Cushing Disease. List symptoms
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ACTH releasign pituitary tumor.
persistent hyperglycemia, (steroid diabetes) dramatic losses in muscle and bone protien and water and salt retention, moon face, buffalo hump, tendency to bruise, poor wound healing |
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Addison's Disease
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major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex - deficiets in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. weight loss, plast glucose and sodium levels deop, potassium levels rise, sever dehydration and hypotension.
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What cells are found in the Adrenal Medulla. What do they make
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hromaffin cells. catecholamines epinephrine and noreepinephrine.
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What is the ratio of ephinephrine to norepinephrine
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80% ephineprine
20% norepinephrine. |
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Name effects of Epinephrine
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stimulate metabolic activity, bronchial dilation, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart
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Name effects of Norepinephrine
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peripheral vascoconstriction and blood pressue.
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A tumor in a chromaffin cell will produce what symptoms
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hyperglycemia, uncontrolled nervous system activity, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat and palpitations, nervousness and sweating
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What is the normal blood glucose level
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90 mg per 100 ml
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Describe the celluar structure of the Pancreas
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Acinar cells produce juice to small intestine
Islets of Langerhans make pancreatic hormones B cells makes insulin (blue) A cells make glucagon (pink) |
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Name the three major actions of glucagon
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1. breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogneolysis)
2. Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and from noncarbohydrae molecules (gluconeogenesis) 3. Release of glucose to the blood by liver cells |
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Name the three major actions of Insulin
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Catalyze the oxidation of glucose for ATP production
Join glucose molecules together to from glycogen Convert glucose to fat (particulary in adipose tissue) |
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Diabetes mellitus (DM)
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results from either hyposecretion of hypactivity in insulin
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Polyphagia
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excessive hunger and food consumption
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Polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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Polyuria
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a huge urine output that leads to decreased blood volume and dehydration
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Hypoglycemia symptoms
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causes release of hyperglycemic hormones -> anxiety, tremors, weakness. Insufficient glucose delivery to the brian
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Name hormones proeuced in Ovaries
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Esterogens and Progesterone.
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Name 6 organ and tisuses responses to insulin deficiency
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Decreased glucose uptake and utilization. Glycogenolysis, Protien catabolism and gluconeogenesis, Lipolysis and ketogenesis.
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What is type 1 diabetes mellitus
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appears before age 15. insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. beta cells killed by autoimmune response. -lack insullin activity.
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Describe symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus
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long term vacular and neural problems. lipidema and high blood cholesterol levels can lead to severe vascular complications aherosclerosis, storkes, heart attacks, renal shutdown, gangrene, and blindness. Premature menopause. Loss of sensationk, impaired bladder fucntion, impotence.
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Describe symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus
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90% of known DM cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus. non insulin dependent diabetes. heart disease, amputations, kidney failure, and blindness.
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Name Some Functions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide signals kidneys increase their production of salty urine and inhibit aldosterone relase , lower blood volume, blood pressure, and blood Na+
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Name some hormones produced in the Gastrointentinal tract
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Gastrin, Intestional Gastrin, Secretin, and Cholecystokinin
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Gastrin
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GI Hormone. Secreted in response to food. Stimulates glands to release hydrochloric acid HCl. Source GI trace mucosa Stomach
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Secretin
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GI Hormone Dudenum Secreted in response to food. Targets Pancreas and Liver : stimulates release of bicarbonate-rich juice; stomach ; inhibits secretory activity
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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GI Hormone Dudenum Source: Secreted in response to food. Targets Pancreas : stimulates release of enzyme rich juice: Gallbladder stimulates expulsion of stored bile.
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Name the hormones secreted by the Kidney and their functions
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Erythropoietin (EPO) Targets Bone marrow: stimulates production of red blood cells. Renin Peptide Initiates renin -angiotensin mechanism of aldosterone release; return blood pressure to normal
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What hormone is produced by the skin
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Cholecalciferol (Provitamin D). Targets intestine to stimulate active transport of dietary calcium across intestinal cell membranes.
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What hormones are produced by the adipose tissue
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Leptin targets the Brain to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. Resistin targets fat, muscle, liver, antagonizes insulin's action on liver cells
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Calcitriol
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The active from of vitamin D3. Essential regulator of the carrier system that intestinal cells use to absorb Ca2+
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Explain Glucose tolerence in relationship with age
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Glucose tolerance can decline as early as the fourth quarter of life due to receptor sensitivity to insulin
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Which hormones are vulnerable to pollution and chemical exposure
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sex hormones, thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids.
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Which hormones decrease in old age
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GH levels decrease.
Plasma levels of aldosterone reduce by half. Gonads esp ovaries decrease in size and weight and become unresponsive to gonadotrophins. |
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Describe the location of the Pineal Gland
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Hands from the roof of the thrid ventricle in the diencephalon. It makes melatonin
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Describe the chemical formula of Cortisol and Aldosterone
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Ch2OH with HO attachments and an O and 4 rings
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Describe the chemcial formula for epinephrine
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One ring with two HO groups, a CH and CH2 and a CH3 and more.
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What inhibits Growth Hormone
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Negative Feedback GH IGF, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and emotional deprivation via somatostatin or decreased GHRH Release
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What stimulates Growth Hormone
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low plasm GH
hypoglycemia, high plamsa AA exercise, estrogens. |
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Which Hormones use the cyclic AMP second messenger action
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Catecholamines, ACTH, FSH, LH, Glucagon, PTH TSH Calcitonin
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Which Hormones use the PIP second messenger mechanism of amino acid pased hormones
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Catecholamines, TRH, ADH, Oxytocin, and GNRH
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