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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stages of mitosis |
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
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Prophase |
Chromatin condenses to forn chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and align midway between centrioles |
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions, toward centrioles |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms, nuclei become visible |
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Cytosol |
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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Organelles |
Tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell |
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Cytoskeleton |
A supporting framework of protein rods and tubules |
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Ribosomes |
Composed of protein and RNA and provide structural support and enzyme activity to line amino acids in protein synthesis |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles, tubular transport system |
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Rough ER |
Contains ribosomes and does protein synthesis |
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Smooth ER |
No ribosomes and does lipid synthesis |
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T OR F: simple cuboidal epithelial tissue can be described as a single layer of cube-shaped cells that work in secretion and absorption |
T |
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T OR F: vesicles are membrane boiund sacs that store or transport substances |
T |
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T OR F: negative feedback can be explained as the response to the change moved the variable in the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point |
T |
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List 4 body cavities |
Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, dorsal |
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3 types of muscle tissue are |
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Superior |
Toward the head/above |
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Inferior |
Toward the feet/below |
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Anterior |
Toward the front |
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Ventral |
Toward the front |
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Posterior |
Toward the back |
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Dorsal |
Toward the back |
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Medial |
Toward the midline |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline |
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Bilateral |
Paired structures/ on both sides |
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Ipsilateral |
Same side |
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Contralateral |
Opposite side |
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Proximal |
Close to the point of attachment on the trunk |
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Distal |
Farther from the point of attachment on the trunk |
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Superficial |
Closer to the body surface |
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Deep |
More internal |
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Sinistrolateral |
Left side |
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Dextrolateral |
Right side |
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Plantar |
Bottom of foot |
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Volar |
Palm of hand |
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T OR F: lysosomes are small membranous sacs that contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, and worn out cell parts; cell garbage disposals |
True |
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Define anatomical position |
Erect, facing forward, palms and feet forward, arms out |
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T OR F: squamous cells can be describes as tall and column shaped |
F |
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Define endocytosis |
Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle; substances that are too large to enter by other methods |
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Anatomy |
Study of the stucture of the body |
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Physiology |
Study of the function of the body |
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Areolar connective tissue |
Forms thin, delicate membranes |
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Adipose tissue |
Fat stored by adipocytes to help cushion and insulate |
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Reticular tissue |
Composed of thin reticular fibers that supports the walls of internal organs |
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Cartilage |
A rigid framework that supports, protects, and is used for attachment sites |
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Diffusion |
Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations |
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Define homeostasis |
Maintain a stable internal environment |
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Tight junctions |
Membranes between cells merge and fuse |
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Desmosomes |
Form "spot welds" between cells |
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Gap junctions |
Tubular channels between cells |
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Two types of bone are |
Spongy. Compact. |
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Hyaline cartilage |
Consists of fine collagen fibers and is located at the ends of bones in joints |
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Elastic cartilage |
Flexible and elastic |
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Fibrocartilage |
Very tough and it is a shock absorber |
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Bone |
Most rigid type of connective tissue composed of mineral salts and collagen |
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Blood |
Cells suspended in plasma |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Necrosis |
Cell death from damage or disease |
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[Blank] glands secrete into tissue fluid or blood and [blank] glands secrete into ducts that open onto the surface |
1. Endocrine 2. Exocrine |
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T OR F: grandular epithelium is composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids |
T |
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What is cytoplasm |
Networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol |
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9 regions of the abdomin |
Row 1: 1. Right hypo... 2. Epigastric 3. Left hypoc... Row 2: 1. Right lateral 2. Umbilical 3. Left lateral. Row 3: 1. right ingui.. 2. Pubic region. 3. Left inguin |
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Simple columnar tissue |
Single layer of elongated cells w the nuclei near the base of the cell that work w secretion and absorption |
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Skeletal muscle |
Attached to bones, striated, voluntary |
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Smooth muscle |
Non striated, involuntary, and spindle shaped |
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Cardiac muscle |
Only found in heart, involuntary, striated |
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Nervous tissue |
Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves to communicate w body |
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T OR F: pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue can be described as single layered, but appears layers w nuclei at two or more levels and deal w protection from infection |
T |
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Histology |
Study of tissues |
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T OR F: the golgi apparatus are membrane bound fluid filled sacs that use chemical reactions to produce ATP |
F |
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Mitosis |
Division of the nucleus |
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Cyokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm |
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Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the body? |
Connective |
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Stratified columnar tissue |
Top layer of elongated cells with cubed shaped cells in deeper levels |
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Cervical |
7 |
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Thoracic |
12 |
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Lumbar |
5 |
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Sacrum |
5 fused |
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Coccyx |
3-5 fused |
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Pairs of ribs |
12 |
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True ribs |
7 |
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False ribs |
3 |
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Floating ribs |
2 |
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Type of synovial: shoulder |
Ball and socket |
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Type of synovial: elbow |
Hinge |
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Type of synovial: hip |
Ball and socket |
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The sarcomere is comprised of 1. [blank] (thick filaments) and 2.[blank] (thin filaments). You can measure the length of a sarcomere from 3.[blank] to 4.[blank]. The 5.[blank] surrounds the sarcomere and stores 6.[blank]. The two "chaperone" proteins, located on the 7.[blank], are 8.[blank] and 9.[blank]. 10.[blank] is released and attaches to 11.[blank]. This bonding moves the "chaperones" and exposes the 12.[blank]. Next, 13.[blank] is released and attaches to the 14.[blank] of the myosin filament. This bond allows movement of the head and is attached to 15.[blank]. The myosin pulls the actin toward the center of the 16.[blank]. One the myosin head has pulled the actin as far as it can, ATP attaches to the 17.[blank] of the 18.[blank]. Then calcium is released back into the 19.[blank]. This allows the muscle to relax. |
1. Myosin 2. Actin 3. Z disk 4. Z disk 5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum 6. Calcium 7. Actin 8. Tropomyosin 9. Troponin 10. Calcium 11. Troponin 12. Actin 13. ATP 14. Head 15. Actin 16. Sarcomere 17. Head 18. Myosin 19. Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Which layer is the thick layer of skin? |
Dermis |
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What type of tissue is the epidermis made of? |
Stratified squamous |
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Skin is not an accessory organ of the integumentary system |
True |
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Cubed is not a shape classification of bone |
True |
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Bones that make up the thoracic cage |
Thoracic vertebrae, costals, sternum |
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3 structural classifications of joints |
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial |
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3 functional classifications of joints |
Amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic, synarthrotic |
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Things that affect bone development, growth, and repair? |
1. vitamins 2. hormones 3. physical stress |
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Agonist |
muscle that causes action |
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Synergist |
muscles that assist agonist/ prime mover |
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stratum lucidum contains the langerhans cells |
False |
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The amount of Melanin produced determines hair color |
true |
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osteocytes are mature bone cells |
true |
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Osteoblasts break down bone and osteoclasts build bone |
false |
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red bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity and it stores fat |
false |
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3 parts of the sternum |
manubrium, body, xiphoid |
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the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicles, scapulae, and sternum |
false |
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The purpose of the patella is to act as a lever for movements in the lower limbs |
true |
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the purpose of the talus is so the foot can pivot up and down |
true |
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myosin is the thick filament and actin is the thin filament |
true |
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Keratin |
tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells |
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Melanocytes |
Located in the stratum basale produce the dark pigment melanin |
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Dermal Papillae |
fingerprints |
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Pacinian corpuscles |
detect pressure |
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meissner's corpuscles |
Light tough |
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Lunula |
pale, half moon shaped region at base of nail plate |
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Eccrine |
respond to elevated body temperature, located everywhere on the body |
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apocrine |
axillary and groin areas, respond to emotions and pain |
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epiphysis |
expanded ends of the bone |
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metaphysis |
between the diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part |
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Periosteum |
encloses bones; dense connective tissue |
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endosteum |
line spaces, cavity |
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articular cartilage |
covers epiphysis |
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trabeculae |
branching bony plates, makes up spongy bone |
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hematopoeisis |
blood cell formation |
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cervical vertebrae |
smallest vertebrae |
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thoracic vertebrae |
articulates with the ribs |
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lumbar vertebrae |
weight bearing vertebrae |
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scoliosis |
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
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Fibrous Joints |
held together with dense connective tissue containing collagen fibers |
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Syndesmosis Joints |
Bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue |
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Suture Joint |
thin layer of connective tissue [sutural ligament] connects bones |
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Gomphosis joints |
Cone shaped bony process in a socket in jawbone |
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Cartilaginous joints |
connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage |
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Synchondrosis joints |
bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones |
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Symphysis joints |
pad of fibrocartilage between bones |
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Synovial |
articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones |
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Ball and socket joints |
round head in cup shaped cavity |
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Condylar joints |
oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity |
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Plane Joints |
almost flat, or slightly curved |
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Hinge Joints |
convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone |
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Pivot joints |
Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone |
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Saddle Joints |
both bones have concave and convex surfaces |
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abduction |
moving a body part away from the midline |
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adduction |
moving a body part toward the midline |
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hyperextension |
straightening a joint beyond its normal range of motion |
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Circumduction |
moving a body part in a circular motion |
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medial/internal rotation |
turning of a bone inward toward the midline |
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lateral/external rotation |
turning of a bone outward away from the midline |
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Protraction |
moving a body part anteriorly |
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retraction |
moving a body part posteriorly |
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elevation |
lifting a body part |
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depression |
lowering a body part |
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Order of the skin layers |
1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum Lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale |
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3 functions of the skin |
1. keep body together, structure 2. absorb vitamin d 3. protection |
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4 functions of bone |
1. make blood cells 2. structure 3. protection 4. movement |
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two divisions of the skeletal system |
axial, appendicular |
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secondary names for c1 and c2 and explain the importance |
c1 [atlas] c2 [axis] explains how our head rotate and how we understand it |
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list the 8 carpal bones |
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
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origin |
relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle |
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insertion |
more moveable end of a skeletal muscle
|
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motor unit |
motor neurons and everything it controls |
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Concentric contraction |
muscle shortening when contracting |
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eccentric contraction |
muscle lengthening when contracting |
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Isotonic |
muscle contracts and changes length; equal force |
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Isometric |
Muscle contracts but does not change length; change in force |
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4 characteristics of blood |
1. type of connective tissue in liquid matrix 2. transports vital substances 3. distributes heat 4. maintain stability of interstitial fluid |
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what are the formed elements in blood |
platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells |
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hematocrit |
percentage of red blood cells |
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characteristics of red blood cells |
1. biconcave disc shape 2. 1/3 hemoglobin 3. lack nuclei and mitochondria 4. can't divide |
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Erythropoiesis |
red blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow |
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anemia |
condition in which the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced |
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8 steps in the life cycle of a red blood cell |
1. small intestine absorbs nutrients 2. blood transports absorbed nutrients 3. RBCs are produced in red bone marrow 4. RBCs circulate in the bloodstream for 120 days 5. macrophages phagocytize and break down old RBCs 6. hepatocytes break down hemoglobin 7. iron is recycled via bloodstream; biliverdin and bilirubin are secreted in bile 8. bile is secreted into small intestine |
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Characteristics of white blood cells |
1. protect against disease 2. WBCs are produced in red bone marrow |
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two categories of white blood cells |
1. granulocytes [ have granular cytoplasm, short life span] 2. agranulocytes [ do not have noticeable granules] |
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3 types of granulocytes |
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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2 types of agranulocytes |
lymphocytes, monocytes |
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Leukocytosis |
high white blood cell count |
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Leukopenia |
low white blood cell count |
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Blood does not carry inorganic salts |
true |
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phagocytosis |
the process of engulfing and digestion of pathogens |
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Plasma |
1. clear, straw colored 2. liquid portion of blood 3. 55 percent of blood volume 4. 92 percent water |
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This type of cell helps in hemostasis [stoppage of bleeding] in damages blood vessels, by sticking to broken surface |
platelets |
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neutrophils |
first to arrive at infection site |
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eosinophils |
moderate allergic reactions |
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basophils |
release histamine to stimulate inflammation and release heparin to stop blood from clotting |
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monocytes |
largest of the white blood cells and they leave blood stream to become macrophages |
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lymphocytes |
smallest white blood cells; t cells and B cells are major types |