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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three Types of Muscle Tissue |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle
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Skeletal Muscles |
Organs composed of skeletal muscle tissue, plus nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue |
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Function of Skeletal Muscles |
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Organization of Skeletal Muscle |
Three Layers of Connective Tissue:
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Epimysium |
Surrounds the entire muscle, it is a dense layer of collagen fibers |
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Perimysium |
Divides the muscle into fascicles, contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Endomysium |
Surrounds individual muscle cells (fibers) within the fascicle |
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Skeletal Muscle Fibers = |
Skeletal Muscle Cells |
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Sarcolemma |
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell
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Sarcoplasm |
The cytoplasm of the muscle cell |
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Organization of Muscle Cell |
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T- tubules |
Narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma |
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Myofibrils |
Bundles of protein filaments
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Muscle contraction occurs when _________ is released into the sarcoplasm |
Calcium |
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Sarcomeres |
Functional repeating units in the myofibril
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The A Band |
Consists of the thick filaments in the center of the sarcomere |
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M Line |
Central portion of the thick filament |
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H Zone |
Light region, only thick filaments |
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Zone of Overlap |
Overlap of thick and thin filaments |
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The I Band |
Contains thin, but not thick filaments |
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Z Line |
Marks the boundary of the sarcomere |
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Sliding Filaments |
Contain myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin |
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Thin Filaments Contain |
Actin, Tropomyosin, and Troponin |
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Thick Filaments Contain |
Myosin |
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Neuromuscular Junction |
Where communication between the nervous system and muscles occurs |
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Each muscle fiber is controlled by... |
a neuron. |
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Acetyl Choline (ACH) |
A neurotransmitter stored in vesicles |
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Synaptic Cleft |
The narrow space that separates the neuron from the (muscle) |
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Motor End Plate |
The sarcolemma surface that faces the synaptic terminal, contains Ach receptors |
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Acetyl Cholinesterase (AChE) |
An enzyme that breaks down ACh |
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Autorhythmic |
Contracts without neural stimulation |
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Pacemaker Cells |
Specialized cardiac cells that determine contraction |
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Intercalated Disks |
MAKE CARDIAC CELLS FUNCTIONS AS ONE ENORMOUS CELL |
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Smooth muscle location: |
Located in many organ systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive |
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Thick and Thin Filaments |
Are not organized in sarcomers but are scattered |
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Smooth muscle carries out... |
slow and sustained contractions |
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Two Types of Smooth Muscle |
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A typical muscle has an: |
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Origin |
Where the fixed end of a muscle attaches -typically proximal to the insertion |
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Insertion |
The site where the movable end attaches
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Belly |
The central body |
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Where the muscle contracts it produces... |
an action or movement
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Based on their functions, muscles can be described as: |
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Agonist |
Prime mover, is a muscle whose contraction is responsible for movement |
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Antagonist |
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist -Ex: the triceps antagonizes the biceps |
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Synergist |
A muscle that helps the agonist to work more efficiently
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# of Muscles in the Body |
Over 700 |
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Splenius Capitis
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Semispinalis Capitis
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Platysma
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Occipitofrontalis
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Rectus Abdominis
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Internal Intercostalis
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Diaphragm
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Erector Spinae
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Medial Rectus
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Lateral Rectus
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Inferior Rectus
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Superior Rectus
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Genioglossus
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Temporalis
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Masseter
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Depressor Labii Inferioris
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Depressor Anguli Oris
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Zygomaticus Minor
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Zygomaticus Major
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Buccinator
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Orbicularis Oris
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Orbicularis Oculi
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Corrugator Supercilii
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External Abdominal Obliques
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Internal Abdominal Obliques
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Transverse Abdominis
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Trapezius
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Pectoralis Major
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Pectoralis Minor
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Serratus Anterior
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Supraspinatus
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Infraspinatus
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Teres Minor
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Subscapularis
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Deltoid
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Biceps Brachii
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Triceps Brachii
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Brachialis
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Brachioradialis
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
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Extensor Digitorum
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Gluteus Maximus
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Rectus Femoris
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Vastus Medialis
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Vastus Lateralis
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Biceps Femoris
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Sartorius
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Gastrocnemius
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Soleus
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Tibialis Anterior
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Cranial and spinal nerves are part of the... |
Peripheral Nervous System |
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The peripheral nervous system is composed of... |
Axons and nerve fibers |
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Actions of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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The peripheral nervous system is... |
All nervous tissues outside the central nervous system |
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The Central Nervous system is composed of... |
The brain and spinal cord |
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Neuron Cell Body- Nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles (neurotransmitters, ATP, protein synthesis), no centrioles (no cell division except in the nose & hippocampus) |
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Slender extensions from the cell body, highly branched,recieve information
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A |
Axon- long cytoplasmic processes capable of propagating electrical impulses, they branch in telodendria |
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Synapse |
A specialized site where the neuron communicates with other neurons |
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Every synapse involves two cells
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical messages that mediate communication |
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Synaptic Vesicles
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Store neurotransmitters |
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Synaptic Cleft |
A tiny opening between neurons |
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A postsynaptic cell can be a... |
neuron or other cell
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Synaptic Knob |
The round structure of the synapse |
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Synaptic Cleft |
The space between the pre and postsynaptic membranes |
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Anaxonic Neuron |
The axon is not distinguished from the dendrites (in brain) |
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Bipolar Neuron |
One axon and one dendrite (in special sense organs) |
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Unipolar Neuron |
Dendrite and axon are continuous (fused), cell body to the side (sensory neurons of the PNS) |
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Multipolar Neuron
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Two or more dendrites and one axon (motor neurons) |
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Sensory Neurons |
Afferent, include receptors (10 million) such as:
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Exteroreceptors |
Monitor the external environment (touch, temperature) |
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Internoreceptors |
Monitor internal environment (digestive, urinary systems) |
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Proprioreceptors |
Monitor position of skeletal muscles |
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3 Functional Classifications of Neurons |
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Six Types of Neuroglia (Four in CNS/ Two in PNS) |
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Ependymal Neuroglia |
Line the central canal and produce cerebrospinal fluid |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid |
A fluid that provides cushion, transports nutrients, gases and waste and surrounds the brain |
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Astrocytes |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Myelinate axons of CNS -myelin is a membranous material for electrical insulation |
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Microglia |
Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis |
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Satellite Cells |
Surround cell bodies of PNS and regulate the environment around PNS neurons |
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Schwaan Cells |
Myelinate axons in the PNS and help to repair injured neurons (nodes and internodes) |
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Axon Classification- Type A Fibers |
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Axon Classification- Type B Fibers |
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Axon Classification- Type C Fibers |
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Presynaptic cell is... |
a neuron |
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Postsynaptic Cell is... |
a neuron or another cell |
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Two types of Synapses |
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Chemical Synapse |
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Cholinergic Synapsis |
Synapses that release Ach (neuromuscular junction) |
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Electrical Synapse |
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c |
Muscle Fiber |
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a |
Fascicle- bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium |
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Medulla Oblongata |
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Pons |
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Cerebellum |
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Mesencephalon
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Innermost Orange Layer |
Diencephalon |
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Cerebrum |
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41-43 |
Corpus Callosum |
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Pia Mater |
Innermost meninge of the brain |
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Dura Mater |
Outermost Meninge of the brain |
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Arachnoid Mater |
Webby middle meninge of the brain |
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Sulci & Gyri |
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Central line through brain |
Longitudinal fissure |
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Central Sulcus |
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Lateral Sulcus |
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Olfactory Bulbs |
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Olfactory Tract |
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Frontal Lobe |
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Temporal Lobe |
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Parietal Lobe |
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Occipital Lobe |
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II |
Optic Chiasm |
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Infundibulum |
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Optic Tract |
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47 or 49 |
Mammillary body |
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Cerebral Peduncle |
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Corpora Quadrigemina |
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Bulbous area at 54 |
Pineal Gland |
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Lateral Ventricle |
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Red area |
Third Ventricle |
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Green Area |
Fourth Ventricle |
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Thalamus |
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71 & 72 |
Hypothalamus |
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Arbor Vitae |
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Vermis |
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Folia |
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Primary cerebral fissure |
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Lobes of the cerebellum |
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Cauda Equina |
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A |
Cervical Enlargement of Spinal Cord |
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B |
Lumbar Enlargement of Spinal Waco |
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Conus Medullaris |
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Filium Terminal |
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Motor Neuron Nissl Bodies |
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Axolemma |
The middle portion of the axon |
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Axon Hillock |
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Telodendria |
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Internodes |
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Myelin Sheath |
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Skeletal Muscle Nuclei |
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Skeletal Muscle Myofibril |
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Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemma |
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Neuromuscular Junction Muscle Fibers |
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Neuromuscular Junction Axon Terminal |
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Spinal Dura Matter |
Outer Layer |
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Spinal Pia Mater |
Innermost Layer |
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Spinal Arachnoid Mater |
Middle webb like layer |
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Spinal Cord Gray Matter |
Middle darker section of the spinal cord |
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Spinal Cord White Matter |
Lighter areas surrounding the gray matter of the spinal cord |
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Spinal Cord- Anterior Horn |
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Spinal Cord- Lateral Horn |
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Spinal Cord- Posterior (dorsal) Horn |
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Anterior (ventral) Median Fissure |
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Posterior (dorsal) Median Sulcus |
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Ventral Root |
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Small Center Circle |
Central Canal |
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Dorsal Root |
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Dorsal Root Ganglion |
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Anterior Gray Commissure |
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Posterior Gray Commissure |
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Spinal Nerve |
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Interneuron |
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Cervical Spinal Nerves C1-C8 |
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Thoracic Spinal Nerves T1-T12 |
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Lumbar Spinal Nerves L1-L5 |
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Sacral Spinal Nerves S1-S5 |
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Coccygeal Nerve Co1 |
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