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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The histology of the tracheobronchial tree is composed of three layers: |
epithelial lining, lamina propria and cartilaginous layer |
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is located |
posterior 2/3 of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx occurs below the vocal cords to the subsegmental airways (transition occurs in the bronchioles) |
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In PSCCE, mucus blanket is composed of __% water |
95% |
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The mucus blanket of the PSCCE is produced by ______ cells and the __________ ______ |
goblet cells and the submucosal glands |
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Submucosal glands produce the ________ of the mucus and are particularly numerous in the ______ sized airways |
majority, medium |
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_____ move the mucus layer at a rate of ~_cm per minute |
cilia, 2cm |
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Cilia moving mucus is referred to as the (2 things) |
muscociliary escalator or muscociliary transport |
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Factors that slow mucociliary transport (9) |
cigarette smoke atmospheric pollutants dehydration hypoxia positive pressure ventilation endotracheal suctioning high inspired oxygen concentrations general anesthetics parasympatholytics
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cuboidal epithelium occurs from |
the bronchioles to the respiratory bronchioles |
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simple squamous epithelium occurs |
in the gas exchange zone |
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Lamina propria is seperated from the epithelial layer by the |
basement membrane |
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Lamina propria is the __________ layer of the tracheobronchial tree |
submucosal |
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Contained within the lamina propria is a loose fibrous tissue that contains |
tiny blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, branches of the vagus nerve and mast cells |
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Lamina propria also contains _ sets of smooth muscle fibers |
2 |
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The 2 sets of smooth muscle fibers wrap around the _______________ tree in close spirals |
tracheobronchial tree (one clockwise and one counter clockwise) |
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The outer portion of the lamina propria is surrounded by a thin connective tissue layer called the |
peribronchial sheath |
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The last three layers of the tracheobronchial tree are |
cartilaginous |
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The outermost layer of the tracheobronchial tree is |
cartilaginous |
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The cartilaginous layer of the tracheobronchial tree progressively __________ in size as the airways extend into the lungs (incomplete rings - irregular plates) |
diminishes |
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The cartilaginous layer is completely ______ in bronchioles <_mm in diameter |
absent, 1mm |
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Cellular immunity involves the activation of _ cells by an antigen |
T cells |
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Cellular immunity has a ____ response time of about __ hours |
slow, 36 |
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Cellular immunity (Tcells) are responsible for ______ _________ in transplant patients |
tissue rejection |
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Humoral immunity involves ___________ __________ (Or immunoglobulins) that are involved in allergic responses |
circulating antibodies |
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Immunoglobulins are ________ that defend agains invading _____________ ________ |
proteins, environmental antigens |
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____ immunoglobulins have been identified but ___ is basic to the allergic response |
Five, IgE |
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The ____ cells in the lamina propria play a roll in humoral immunity |
mast |
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A susceptible individual is exposed to an antigen and lympoid tissue produces ___ antibodies. |
IgE |
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IgE antibodies attach to surface receptors on the ____ cells (____ cells are now _______ to that specific antigen) |
mast, mast, specific |
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Re-exposure to that specific antigen creates an ___ antibody-antigen reaction on the surface of the ____ cell. |
IgE, mast |
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The IgE antibody-antigen reaction response results in the ____________ of the antigen and mast cell _____________ |
inactivation, degranulation |
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Mast cell ____________ results in the release of chemical mediators of ___________ |
degranulation, inflammation |
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What chemical mediators of inflammation are released when a mast cell degranulates? |
Histamine, heparin, SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis), PAF (platelet activating factor, ECF-A (eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis) |
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The release of the chemical mediators of inflammation from mast degranulation results in (4) |
increase vascular permeability smooth muscle contraction increase in mucus secretion vasodilation with edema |
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Asthmatics may produce IgE antibodies at __ times the normal rate |
20 times |
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The release of chemical mediators of inflammation can result in these six things |
bronchial edema bronchospasms and wheezing increased mucus production mucus plugging air trapping lung hyperinflation |
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leukotriene inhibitors inhibit |
certain chemical mediators of inflammation from exerting their effects |
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mast cell stabilizers prevent |
the degranulation of the mast cells |
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Intersistium aka |
Insterstitial space |
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Interstitial space surrounds and supports ________-_________ clusters |
Alveolar-capillary |
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Interstitial space is a ___ like substance composed of ___________ acid and a _________ fiber network |
Gel, hyaluronic acid, collagen |
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Hyaluronic acid is a _________ and ___________ agent |
Binding and protective |
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Collagen is believed to limit _________ _____________ |
alveolar distensibility |
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Alveolar distensibility: expansion beyond can |
occlude pulmonary capillaries, damage to collagen fibers and alveolar walls |
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Two major compartments of interstitium |
tight space and loose space |
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The tight space interstitium is the space |
between alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium |
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The tight space interstitium is the area where the most |
gas exchange occurs |
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The loose space of the interstitium is the area that surrounds |
the bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs |
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The loose space of the interstitium contains the |
lymphatic vessels and neural fibers |
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Water content of the loose space of the interstitium can ________ more than __% before a significant pressure change develops |
increase, 30% |
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Bronchial arteries arise from the _____ |
aorta |
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Bronchial arteries nourish the tracheobronchial tree to the level of the ________ ____________ |
terminal bronchioles |
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Bronchial arteries lose their identity beyond the terminal bronchioles and merge with the _________ ________ system |
pulmonary vascular system |
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Bronchial blood supply nourishes the ___________ lymph nodes, __________ nerves, a portion of the __________ and the ____________ ______. |
mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary nerves, a portion of the esophagus and the visceral pleura |
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Normal bronchial arterial blood flow is ~_% of the cardiac output |
1% |
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visceral pleura defined as |
protective coating of the organs |
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_/_ of the bronchial venous blood flow returns to the ______ _______ via the azygos, hemiazygos and intercostal veins |
1/3, right atrium |
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_/_ of the bronchial venous blood flow drains into the _________ __________ via bronchopulmonary anastomoses and then flows into the left atrium |
2/3 pulmonary circulation |
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anastomoses |
communication by blood vessels by the means of collateral channels |
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The pulmonary vascular system is an independent vascular network with the sole purpose of |
delivering blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange |
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The pulmonary vascular system also provides nutrients to the structures distal to the |
terminal bronchioles |
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The pulmonary vascular system is a ______ dependent, ____ pressure system |
gravity, low |
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The pulmonary vascular system is composed of |
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins |
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Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the |
pulmonary artery |
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The pulmonary artery branches into _____ and ____ branches and enter the lungs via the _____. |
Right, left, hilum |
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The pulmonary artery follows the |
tracheobronchial tree |
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Three layers of the artery are |
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia |
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The tunica intima is the |
innermost layer |
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The tunica intima is composed of a |
thin layer of connective and elastic tissues |
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The tunica media is the |
middle layer |
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The tunica media in large arteries is primarily |
primarily elastic connective tissue |
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The tunica media in medium/small arteries is primarily |
smooth muscle |
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The tunica adventitia is the |
outermost layer |
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The tunica adventitia is composed of |
connective tissue that contains small vessels that nourish all 3 layers |
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Arterioles consist of three layers |
endothelial layer, an elastic layer and a smooth muscle layer |
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In arterioles, elastic and smooth muscle layers gradually _________ before entering the _________-_________ system |
disappear, alveolar-capillary |
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The arterioles nourish the |
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli |
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Arterioles are __________ vessels |
resistance |
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Arterioles play an important role in the |
distribution and regulation of flow |
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Capillaries arise from the _________ __________ and surround the |
pulmonary arterioles, alveoli |
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Capillaries are composed of an |
endothelial layer |
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the endothelial layer is compose of a |
single layer of squamous epithelial cells |
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Where does the gas exchange occur |
in the capillaries |
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Capillaries have selective permeability to |
water, electrolytes and sugar |
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Capillaries play an important role in the |
destruction and production of various biologically active compounds |
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Cappillaries evolve into |
venules and gradually into veins |
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Veins are essentially the same construction as arteries except |
poorly developed tunica media = thinner walls contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue contain only 2 layers in smaller veins (no tunica adventitia) |
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Medium large veins contain ___ ___ flap valves that aid blood flow back to the heart |
one way |
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Veins differ from arteries in that they are |
capable of collecting a large amount of blood with very little pressure change |
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Veins are referred to as |
capacitance vessels |
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Veins do not follow the _________ ___ but take a more direct route to the heart |
tracheobronchial tree |
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Veins merge into ___ large veins and exit the _____ |
two, hilum |
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How many pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium? |
four |