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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the 5 vertebral areas of the back?
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cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccygeal
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in which vertebral area are ribs connected to the vertebrae?
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thoracic
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through which hole in the skull does the brain stem exit to become the spinal cord?
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foramen magnum
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to which joints does the vertebral column transfer body weight?
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sacroiliac joints
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what are the two elements of the pectoral girdle?
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scapulae and clavicles
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what are the 2 elements of the axial skeleton?
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skull, vertebrae
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what are the elements of the appendicular skeleton?
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upper and lower extremities, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.
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what percentage of the length of vertebral column is composed of intervertebral discs?
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25%
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how many vertebrae are present in the cervical region?
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7
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how many vertebrae are present in the thoracic region?
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12
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how many vertebrae are present in the lumbar region?
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5
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how many vertebrae are present in the sacral region?
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5
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how many vertebrae are present in the coccygeal region?
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4
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which two regions of the veretbral column are fused?
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sacral and coccygeal
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in which 3 regions of the vertebral column does most of the motion occur?
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar
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at which two joints does movement between adjacent vertebrae take place?
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nuclei pulposus of intervertebral joints and zygapohyseal joints
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in which 2 vertebral regions are movements the freest?
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cervical and lumbar
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in which vertebral region is flexion the greatest? extension? lateral flexion?
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cervical; lumbar; lumbar
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which type of movement is most marked in the thoracic region?
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rotation
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which part of the vertebra provides strength in order to support weight of body?
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vertebral body
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which part of the vertebra is composed of the R and L pedicles as well as the laminae?
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vertebral arch
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which processes project superiorly and inferiorly to articulate with the same processes in vertabrae located superiorly and anteriorly? what is the name of the articulations formed?
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superior and inferior articulate processes; zygapophyseal joints
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which processes are locataed at the intersection of laminae and pendicles and are responsible for attachment of ribs in thoracic vertebral region?
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tranverse processes
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which processes project posteriorly from the vertebral arch?
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spinous processes
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which processes serve as levers to which muscles attach and move the vertebrae?
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transverse processes and spinous process
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what is the name for the large hole in the center of the vertebra?
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vertebral foramen
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the superior and inferior vertebral notches are found at the level of which vertebral structure? adjacent inferior and superior notches form what in the vertebral column?
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pendicles; intervertebral foramina
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which joint prevents the vertebrae from slipping anteriorly?
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zygapophyseal joints
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which vertebral area has a particularly large vertebral foramen to accomodate for innervation of upper extremities?
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cervical
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which vertebral area is characterized by transverse foramina? which vessels flow through these foramina?
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cervical; vertebral arteries
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what is another name for the large anterior tubercles of C6? for the spinous process of C7?
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carotid tubercles; vertebra prominens
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the lateral ends of which process in the cervical vertebral region terminate in inferior and superior tubercles?
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transverse process
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what is unique about the spinous processes on vertebrae C3-C5?
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they are bifid (split)
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what is the name for the processes on the vertebral bodies of C3-6 which can form bony spurs?
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uncinate processes
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the superior articular surfaces of which vertebra articulate with the occipital condyles to support the head?
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atlas (C1)
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which vertebra allows for nodding and has no body or spinous process?
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atlas (C1)
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which vertebra is designed to allow the head to shake from side to side?
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axis (C2)
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in which vertebra can one find the dens?
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axis (C2)
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which vertebral region is characterized by long sloping spinous processes?
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thoracic
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what is the reason the lumbar region has large vertebral bodies?
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to support the weight of the body.
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what is the purpose of the mamillary process on the posterior surface of the superior articular process in the lumbar vertebrae?
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to attach to muscles
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why is lumbar puncture easier in the lumbar vertebral region?
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because the spinous processes are shorter and stubbier, allowing for easier access.
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what is the name for the structure formed by the anterior edge of S1? for what purpose is this useful?
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sacral promontory; important obstetrical landmark
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which structure of the sacral vertebral region leads into the sacral canal and provides access to the epidural space?
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sacral haitus
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which structure represents the inferior articular process of S5 and acts as a palpable clinical guide to the sacral haitus?
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sacral cornua
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what are the two regions of the intervertebral discs?
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annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
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what is the name for the ligament which attaches the lamina of two vertebrae? do they limit or encourage flexion?
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ligamenta flava; limit
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which ligaments attach two adjacent spinous processes?
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interspinous ligaments
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which ligament extends from the sacrum to C7 and runs along the spine posterior aspect of the spinous process?
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supraspinous process
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which ligament is responsible for connecting external occipital protuberance to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae?
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ligamentum nuchae
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which ligament is responsible for attaching the pia mater to the dura mater (it passes through the arachnoid mater) in the spinal column?
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denticulate ligament
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to what are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments anterior and posterior?
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vertebral body
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where does the anterior longitudinal ligament begin? where does it end?
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occipital bone; anterior surface of sacrum
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which is stronger, the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament?
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anterior
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of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, which prevents hyperflexion? which prevents hyperextension?
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posterior; anterior
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which layer of intervertebral discs is characterized by lamellae of fibrocartilage?
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annulus fibrosis;
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which layer of intervertebral discs acts as a shock absorber? where are these discs the thickest?
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nucleus pulposus; in the lumbar region
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which type of cartilage can be found between the vertebral body and the intervertebral disc?
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hyaline
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in a herniated disc, which part of the intervertebral disc slips out? what is the most common location for this?
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nucleus pulposus; L4-5
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with which muscle does a synergist muscle work?
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agonist
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what is the role of fixating (stabilizing) synergists?
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to prevent or control movement at joints proximal to the moving joint thereby providing a fixed or stable base for movement.
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what is the role of neutralizing (counteracting) synergists?
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to prevent unwanted movements of the prime mover
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what are the two categories of extrinsic muscles? by what are extrinsic muscles innervated?
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superficial and intermediate; anterior rami of spinal nerve.
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what are the 5 superficial muscles of the back?
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latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator sacpulae, trapezius
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what are the two intermediate muscles of the back?
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serratus posterior superior, serratus posterios inferior
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by which nerves are the intrinsic muscles of the back innervated?
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posterior rami of the spinal nerves
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what are the two classifications of intrinsic back muscles?
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superficial and deep
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into what two layers is the superficial intrinsic group of back muscles divided? which muscle composes each?
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superficial and intermediate; superficial is splenius muscles in neck and upper thoras; intermediate is erector spinae in the trunk (3 layers)
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which 3 muscle groups compose the deep intrinsic back muscle group?
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transversospinalis, segmental, suboccipital groups
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the suboccipital triangle connects which 3 bones?
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occipital bone, axis, atlas.
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what is another name for superficial fascia?
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subcutaneous tissue
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1) interior angle
2) medial border 3) superior angle 4) superior border 5) spine 6) acromion process 7) lateral border |
what is the identity of each number (1-7) in this diagram?
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what it the name of the meninge directly bordering the spinal cord?
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pia mater
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what is the name of the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater? what characterizes this space?
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subarachnoid space; it is filled with CSF
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what is the name of outermost meninge? what is located directly outside this later? directly inside?
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dura mater; epidural space; subdural space
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what is the name for the extension of pia mater that extends beyond the spinal cord?
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internal filum terminale
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1) transverse process
2) vertebral body 3) articulate process 4) spinous process 5) vertebral foramen 6) laminae 7) pendicles |
label each part (1-7) of this vertebra.
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A) inferior vertebral notch
B) superior vertebral notch C) inferior articular process D) superior articular process E) spinous process F) vertebral body |
label each part of this vertebra (A-F)
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the denticulate ligament separates which two structures?
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dorsal root and ventral root
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what is the name for the inferior end of the spinal cord? at which vertebral level does this normally occur?
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conus medullaris; L2
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at which vertebral level is the inferior limit of the dural sac?
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S2
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1) erector spinae
2) levator scapulae 3) latissimus dorsi 4) splenius capitis 5) minor rhomboid 6) major rhomboid |
label each of the muscles in the image
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which nerve innervates the trapezius?
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accessory nerve
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where are the 3 facets for rib attachment on thoracic vertebrae?
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transverse facet on transverse process, superior and posterior demi-facets on vertebral body.
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which arteries supply the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal regions with blood?
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vertebral arteries, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries, lateral sacral arteries
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what is unique about the veins which drain the vertebrae?
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they do not have valves and thus allow metastasis of cancer cells via retrograde flow to veins.
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in which vertebral regions are the primary curvatures? are these curvatures concave posteriorly or anteriorly? what is the cause of these curvatures?
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thoracic and sacral; anteriorly; differences in height between the anterior and posterior parts of vertebrae.
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in whcih vertebral regions are the secondary curvatures? are these curvatures concave posteriorly or anteriorly? what is the cause of these curvatures?
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cervical and lumbas; posteriorly; difference in thickness between the anterior and posterior parts of intervertabral discs.
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at which vertebral position is the center of gravity?
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just anterior to S2
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what is the name for an abnormal increase in thoracic curvature?
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kyphosis
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what spinal vertebral region is affected by lordosis?
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lumbar
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