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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell
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Basic structural and functional unit of life |
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Irreducible Complexity
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The cell is a complex structure that carries on metabolic activity and the parts of the cell cannot perform the function of the cell individually |
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What gives the cell directions of what to do?
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Nucleus |
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Plasma Membrane
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• Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids • Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity |
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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Bipolar phosolipid membrane |
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Bipolar
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Two heads |
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What part of the outer membrane is hydrophilic?
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Intracellular and extracellular part of the membrane |
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What part of the outer membrane is hydrophobic?
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Center part of the proteins |
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Integral Proteins
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Allows for passageways for certain things to pass through the cell membrane itself |
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What does the bilayer of the Fluid Mosaic Model consist of?
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1. Phospholipids 2. Cholesterol 3. Glycolipids |
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What are glycolipids?
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Lipids with bound carbohydrates |
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What are phospholipids?
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Lipids with phosphates with bipolar regions (hydrophobic & hydrophilic) |
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How many types of junctions are around the membrane?
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3 |
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Impermeable junction that encircles the cell
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Tight junction |
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Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
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Desmosome |
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A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
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Gap Junction |
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What type of junction is found in the heart?
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Gap Junction |
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Simple diffusion
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Nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances |
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Where of diffusion happen?
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• Directly through the lipid bilayer • Through channel proteins |
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Does diffusion go from…
Lower – higher concentration Or Higher – lower concentration |
Higher – lower concentration |
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Facilitated diffusion
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Requires a carrier to transport through the membrane or can go through the protein channel |
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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Osmolarity
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Total concentration of solute particles in a solution |
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Tonicity
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How a solution affects cell volume |
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When does osmosis occur?
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Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane |
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Filtration
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The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure |
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What pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area?
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Pressure gradient |
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Isotonic
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Solutions with the same solute concentrations that of the cytosol |
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Hypertonic
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Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol |
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Hypotonic
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Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol |
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In osmosis does the water go from…
Hypertonic – hypotonic Or Hypotonic – hypertonic |
Hypotonic – hypertonic |
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Active Transport
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• Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane • Requires carrier proteins |
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Symport System
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Two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction |
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Antiport System
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Two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions |
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Primary Active Transport
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Hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change |
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Secondary active transport
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Use of an exchange pump indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes |
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Vesicular Transpoprt
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Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes |
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Exocytosis
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Moves substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space |
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Endocytosis
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Enable large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell |
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Transcytosis
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Moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell |
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Vesicular trafficking
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Moving substances from one area in the cell to another |
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Phagocytosis
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Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior |
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Cytoplasm
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Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus *mainly water |
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cytosol
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largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes |
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Cytoplasmic organelles
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Metabolic machinery of the cell |
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Inclusions
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Chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen granules, and pigment |
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Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus are all examples of what membranous organelles?
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Cytoplasmic Organelles |
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Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes are an example of what nonmembranous organelle?
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Cytoplasmic organelles |
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Mitochondria
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• Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae • Provides most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration • Contain their own DNA and RNA |
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Ribosomes
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• Granules containing protein and rRNA • Site of protein synthesis • Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins |
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What type of ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes?
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Membrane-bound ribosomes |
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Does smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes?
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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• Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae • Continuous with the nublear membrane |
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What are the 2 types of ER?
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1. Rough ER 2. Smooth ER |
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Rough ER
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• External surface studded with ribosomes • Manufactures all secreted proteins • Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane protein and phospholipids for cell membranes |
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Smooth ER
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• Tubules arranged in a looping network • Catalyzes reactions in various organs of the body |
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What organs is Smooth ER found in?
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• Liver • Testes • Intestinal cells • Skeletal muscle • Cardiac muscle |
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Golgi Apparatus
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• Stacked and flattened membranous sacs • Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins |
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Lysosomes
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Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes |
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Where are secretory lysosomes found?
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• White blood cells • Immune cells • melanocytes |
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The nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane are all part of what system?
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Endomembrane System |
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Peroxisomes
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Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful and toxic substances |
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Free radicals
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Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electtons (ie…O2-) |
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Cytoskeleton
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The “skeleton” of the cell |
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What does the cytoskeleton consist of?
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1. microtubules 2. intermediate filaments 3. microfilaments |
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Microtubules
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• Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin • Determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles |
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Microfilaments
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Dynamic strands of the protein actin • Moves things in and out of the cell |
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Intermediate filaments
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Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength |
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Centrioles
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Responsible for mitosis in a cell |
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Cilia
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• Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells • Moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces |
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Nucleus
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Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets |
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Nucleus
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Gene-containing control center of the cell |
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Nucleus
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Contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins |
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Nucleus
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Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized |
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Nuclear Envelope
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Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores |
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Nuclear Envelope
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Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes |
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Nuclear Envelope
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Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes |
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Nuclear Envelope
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Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus |
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Nuclear Envelope
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Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus |
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Nucleoli
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Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus |
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Nucleoli
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Site of ribosome production |
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Mitosis
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Cell divides and makes two identical daughter cells |
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Mitosis Phases
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1. Interphase a. Growth (G1) b. Synthesis (S) c. Growth (G2) 2. Mitotic Phase a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase e. Cytokinesis |
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Interphase
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1. G1 (gap 1)– metabolic activity and vigorous growth 2. G0 – cells that permanently cease dividing 3. S (synthetic) – DNA replication 4. G2 (gap 2) – preparation for division |
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Cytokinesis
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• Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring • Pinched into 2 parts after mitosis ends |
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Early Prophase
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• Nuclear material, chromosomes, & chromatids, forming • Centrioles becoming activated forming mitotic spindles |
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Late Prophase
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The nuclear material are pulled to opposite spindles and the nuclear envelope is disappearing |
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Metaphase
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Known for the presence of the metaphase plate down the equator of the cell. |
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Anaphase
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Chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
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Telophase/Cytokinesis
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Nuclei is forming, nuclear envelope is forming, chromosomes are on opposite sides of the cell, cleavage furrow forms resulting in the cytoplasm dividing into 2 separate cells |
