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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chemical Level (Atoms - Molecules) Cellular Level (Cell - Organelle) Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organismal Level |
Organizational Level |
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Atoms, Molecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic Acids, ATP) |
Examples of Chemical Level |
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Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes |
Examples of Cell Level |
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Endomembranous (Nucelus, ER, golgi, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria) |
Example of Organelle Level |
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Epithelium (Simple, Stratified, Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Gland) Muscle Nerve |
Example of Tissue Level |
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Liver, brain, blood vessel, stomach |
Example of Organ Level |
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Cardiovascular Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
CDEILMNRRSU |
Example Organ System Level (11) |
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Integumentary System Function |
Function: Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesized vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. |
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Hair, Skin, Nails |
Major Organs of the Integumentary System |
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Skeletal System Function |
Function: Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. |
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Joint, Bones |
Major organs within Skeletal System |
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Muscular System Function |
Function: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. |
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Skeletal muscles |
Major organs of the muscular system |
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Lymphatic System/Immunity Functions |
Function: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body |
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red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes |
Major organs of the lymphatic/immunity system |
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Respiratory System Function |
Functions: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lung. |
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Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus |
Major organs within the respiratory system |
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Digestive System Functions: |
Functions: Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for the distribution to the body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. |
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Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, rectum, anus |
Major organs of the digestive system |
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Nervous system functions |
Function: as the fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. |
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
Major organs of the nervous system |
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Endocrine system function |
Function: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. |
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Thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis |
Major organs of the endocrine system |
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Cardiovascular system function |
Function: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. |
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Heart, blood vessels |
Major organs of the cardiovascular system |
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Urinary system functions |
Function: Eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood. |
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Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
Major organs of the urinary system |
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Reproductive System functions |
Function: Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. |
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Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens Mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina |
Major organs of the reproductive system |
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Body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward and thumbs point away from the body. |
Describe anatomical position |
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serosa/ serous membrane |
Walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin, double-layered membrane: |
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parietal serosa |
Part of the membrane lining the cavity walls |
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Visceral serosa |
The part of the membrane folding on itself to cover the organs of the cavity |
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side, as opposed to contralateral. For example, a tumor involving the right side of the brain may affect vision '__________' that is, in the right eye.
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Contralateral |
Of or pertaining to the other side. The opposite of iposilateral (the same side). For example, a stroke involving the right side of the brain may cause _____________ paralysis of the left leg. |
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Bilateral |
Relating to both the right and the left side of the body or of a body structure |
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Polar. Thus it dissolves in water. |
Is the biological compound carbohydrate polar or non polar? |
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Non polar. Thus it is insoluble in water. |
Is the biological compound fats polar or non polar? |
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The structure of an amino acid (the monomer of proteins) can contain both polar and non polar areas (hydrophillic and hydrophobic) so it would depend on the protein whether it dissolves in water. |
Is the biological compound protein polar or non polar? |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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When monomers are joined together to form polymers and a water molecule is released.
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Dehydration Synthesis |
Hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with. As a covalent bond unites the monomers, a water molecule is released. |
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Hydrolysis |
When molecules are degraded.A water molecule is added to each bond to be broken down, thereby releasing its building blocks or smaller molecules. |
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Dehydration Synthesis Example |
Glucose+Fructose => Sucrose |
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Glucose Fructose Galactose |
Hexose sugars (Monosaccharides) 3 types |
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Deoxyribose Ribose |
Pentose sugars (Monosaccharides) 2 types (Hint: DNA & RNA) |
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Sucrose Maltose Lactose |
Disaccharides Examples (3 Types) |
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Glycogen (Stored in animals) Starch (Stored in plants) |
Polysaccharide Examples (2 Types) |
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True |
Polysaccharides are large, insoluble molecules. True or False |
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True |
Large insoluble molecules make ideal storage products. True or False. |
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Carbohydrate Function |
Function: Major function in the body is to provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel. (Organic Compound) |
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Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids |
Types of Lipids (3) |
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Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains |
Composition of a Triglyceride |
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Phosphorus containing group (polar "head") + Glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains (nonpolar "tail") |
Structure of Phospholipid |
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Four interlocking hydrocarbon rings form a steroid |
Structure of steroid |
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Cholesterol |
What is the basis for all steroids formed in the body? |
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Lipid Functions |
Function: Insulate body organs, build cell membranes, provide stored energy |
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Saturated |
Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms is referred to as _____ fats. - Solid at room temperature - Ex: Animal Fats |
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Unsaturated |
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as _____________ fats. - The double bonds cause 'kinks' so they cannot pack close enough to solidify. - Liquid at room temperature - Ex: Olive oil - More heart healthy |
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Trans Fat
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Oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds.
- Increase the risk of heart disease even more than solid animal fats. |
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Phospholipids |
Modified triglycerides. - Diglycerides (2 fatty acid chains with glycerol backbone) with a phosphorus containing group - Phosphorus hydrophillic head - Fatty acid hydrophobic tail |
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Triglyceride Functions |
Function: Fat deposits (in subcutaneous tissue and around organs) protect and insulate body organs, are the major source of stored energy in the body |
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Phospholipid Functions |
Function: Chief components of cell membrane. Participate in transport of lipids in plasma. Prevalent in nervous tissue.
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Steroids |
Made up of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings Fat soluble and contain little oxygen |
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Cholesterol |
Structural basis for manufacture of all body steroids. A Component of cell membrane. |
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Cholesterol Sex hormones |
Types of steroids (2 types) |
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- Basic group called amine group - Organic acid group - Variable 'R' Group |
Structure of amino acid |
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Protein
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Long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis - More than 50 amino acids) |
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Peptide Bond |
The bond amino acids form with other amino acids from amine group to acid group. |
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Polypeptide |
10 or more amino acids |
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Macromolecules |
Large complex molecules Ex: Most proteins are _________ because they contain from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids |
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Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternery |
Four structural levels of proteins |
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Linear strand of amino acid "beads" is the backbone of the protein molecule |
Primary Structure (Protein) |
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Alpha helix (like a slinky or coiled spring) or beta pleated sheets |
Secondary Structure (Protein) |
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When a helical or b pleated regions fold upon one another to produce compact globular molecule |
Tertiary Structure (Protein) |
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When two or more polypeptide chains aggregate to form a complex protein |
Quaternary Structure (Protein) |
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Releases hydrogen ions. Proton donors. |
Acid |
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Take up hydrogen ions. Proton acceptors. |
Bases |
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Bicarbonate/carbonic buffer system |
- Helps to maintain blood pH homeostasis - Chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion resist change in blood pH by shifting left and right as H+ ions are added/removed from blood. |
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Bicarbonate ions bind with protons |
When body becomes too acidic (drop in pH) |
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Carbonic acid dissociates
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When body becomes too basic (rise in pH) |
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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen |
What elements are found in fatty acid chains? |
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Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur |
What elements are found in amino acids? |
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Transport Defense Regulation Structure |
Functions of proteins |
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Denaturation |
When a protein's original shape is changed... Hydrogen bonds begin to break in extreme pH and temperature conditions. |
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Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts |
Enzyme |
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Catalysts |
Substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions but are not used up or changed in those reactions |
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Nucleus |
Where in the cell is DNA located? |
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Phosphate group + sugar molecule (deoxyribose) + Nitrogenous bae |
Basic structure of nucleic acid |
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carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-basecode codon “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid.
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Function of mRNA |
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ATP |
Primary energy transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable |
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ATP + H2O <=> ADP + P + Energy |
hydrolysis and dehydration to form ATP |
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Released |
Is energy released or required when ATP is broken down? |
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic |
Two parts of ventral cavity |
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Cranial and Vertebral |
Two parts of Dorsal Cavity |
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Heart and lungs |
2 Organs Thoracic cavity contains |
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Spinal cord |
Organ the Vertebral cavity contains |
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Brain |
Organ the cranial cavity contains |
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Urinary bladdar, reproductive organs and rectum |
Organs contained in the pelvic cavity |
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Homeostasis
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Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously |
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Negative Feedback Mechanism |
Output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. Cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value. Ex: Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, temperature |
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Negative Feedback |
How does the body maintain homeostasis of temperature |
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Positive feedback mechanisms |
Result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. The change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range. Ex: Labor contractions, blood clotting |
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
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How does the body maintain homeostasis of blood pH? H2CO3 <=> HCO3- + H+ |
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Organelles with a definite boundary created by a membrane are called membranous organelles: Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, vacuoles, vesicles, and plastids are the main ones.
Non-membranous organelles are: microvilli, ribosomes, centrioles, parts of the cytoskeleton (microtubules etc), are the main ones. |
What is the difference between a membranous and non-membranous organelle? |
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Organelles: cytosol (Intracellular fluid), organelles, and inclusions |
What do you find in cytoplasm? (Ions, organelles) |
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Ions: potassium,sodium,bicarbonate,chloride,calcium,magnesiumamino acids
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What do you find in intracellular fluid(=Cytosol)? (Ions, organelles) |
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Interstitial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
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What do you find in extracellular fluid? |
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Lipids (Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Glycolipids), Carbohydrates, Proteins (Integral and Peripheral)
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Compounds of the cell membrane |
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Regulation of membrane fluidity
Keeps membrane rigidity and structure |
Function of Lipids in Cell Membrane |
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Aids membrane permeability, diffusion |
Function of Phospholipid (Bilayer) in Cell Membrane |
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Function of Membrane Proteins
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Specialized membrane functions such as transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic ability, intercellular joining, cell-cell joining |
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Selectively mermeable |
Allows some substances to enter cells but undesirable substances are kept out. Valuable cell proteins and other necessary substances in the cell, but allows waste to exit |
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Types of compounds that move easily across cell membrane |
Lipid soluble, small solutes, or assisted by a carrier molecule
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Structural characteristic of nuclear membrane |
Nuclear pores, double phospholipid bilayer |
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Structural characteristic of mitochondria |
dual-membrane. folded inner membrane plays a key role in the production of energy.
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Homologous chromosome |
similiar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same
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