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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endothoracic fascia
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A thin connective tissue layer lining the thoracic cavity that provides a base to which the pleura tightly adhere to boundary bone tissue or to muscle
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What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?
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1st pair of ribs and costal cartilages
Body of 1st thoracic vertebra and longus colli muscles Manubrium |
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What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?
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Last thoracic vertebra and first few lumbar vertebrae, ribs, costal arch, and xiphoid process; "closed" by diaphragm
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What is the pathway of the dorsal intercostal artery?
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Branches from the thoracic aorta (except first 3, which branch from costocervical trunk)
Dorsal branch-->epaxial muscles Ventral branch-->intercostal space as an intercostal artery, following caudal border of rib-->splits in ventral thoracic region + follows both caudal and cranial rib borders-->then anastomose w/ dorsal branches of internal thoracic artery |
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What is the pathway of the thoracic spinal nerves and what do they innervate?
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Similar to intercostal arteries.
Divide into dorsal + ventral branches Dorsal branch-->epaxial muscles Ventral branch-->intercostal space along caudal border of rib as intercostal nerves-->these nerves give off lateral + ventral cutaneous branches to supply cutaneous structures |
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What is the term for the pathologic condition where there are abdominal visceral organs in the thoracic cavity?
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Diaphragmatic hernia?
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What are serous membranes and what is their function?
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Specialized tissue that line body cavities and are made up of a single layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium) adhering to fascia.
Produce serous fluid, a lubrication fluid that helps in decreasing friction as structures rub together |
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How many pleural membranes are there in the thoracic cavity?
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Two--right and left.
Each pleural membrane represents one continuous sheet of tissue; specific areas of this lining are named by the structure being lined. |
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Pulmonary pleura (also call visceral pleura)
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On surface of lungs
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Parietal pleura
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Lines non-visceral structures
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costal parietal pleura
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Lines inner surface of ribs, intercostal muscles, costal cartilages
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mediastinal parietal pleura
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Covers the partition between the two pleural cavities
Contains considerable collagenous tissue Usually strong enough that one lung can be collapsed independent of the other (weaker in horse and may be fenestrated) |
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Mediastinum
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Space between the R and L pleural cavities
Includes the two mediastinal pleurae and the space between them Contains the thymus, heart, trachea, esophagus, and vagus nerves |
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Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
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lines the diaphragm
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What must be cut in surgery to reflect the caudal lung lobe?
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pulmonary ligament
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What is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection and where is it located?
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This is the where the diaphragm attaches laterally to the thoracic wall and the diaphragmatic parietal pleura turns (reflects) to become costal parietal pleura.
Curved line extending from the 8th intercostal space in the costal arch dorsally to the last rib |
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Plica vena cava
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An extension of pleura from the mediastinum, out and around the caudal vena cava
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Pleural cavities
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The pleura form 2 complete sacs or cavities.
Essentially only potential cavities--they contain only a capillary film of serous fluid that reduces friction. When fluid/gas collects from pathologic conditions, become actual cavities. |
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Hemothorax
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blood in pleural cavity
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Hydrothorax
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Fluid/Water in pleural cavity
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Pyothorax
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Pus in thoracic cavity (purulent)
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Pneumothorax
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Air in pleural cavity
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Chylothorax
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Chyle (lymph fluid) in pleural cavity
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What's the location of the basal border of the lung?
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Oclecranon to the next to last dorsal intercostal space
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Where is the space used for thoracocentesis?
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This space is between the diaphragm and the thoracic wall and is called the costodiaphragmatic recess. It is best performed at the lowest safe point, somewhat dorsal to the costochondral junction and midway between the ribs.
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Thoracotomy
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An incision in the chest wall
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Which intercostal space is used for thoracocentesis in each species? (horse, cow, dog, cat)
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Horse and Cow = 6-7th
Dog = 7-8th Cat = 8th |
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What is the pathway of the thoracic duct?
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Begins in sublumbar region between the crura of the diaphragm as a cranial continuation of the cisterna chyli (receives lymph from viscera and pelvic limbs)
Usually empties into the left brachiocephalic vein near the left subclavian vein |
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Why is the fluid in the thoracic duct called "chyle?"
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The thoracic duct is a major transporter of fat (chylomicrons) absorbed from the GI tract to venous circulation
*If the duct ruptures--->chylothorax |
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What do the tracheal ducts drain?
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Begin in cranial neck region and drain the head and neck
Contained in carotid sheath |
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Why is the caudal mediastinal lymph node of particular importance in the ruminant?
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It is large and located between the aorta and esophagus. With infectious processes, it can enlarge and compress the esophagus. The vagal nerve trunks may also be damaged, interfering with normal gastric motility, resulting in bloat.
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Which lymph node is located at the bifurcation of the trachea?
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Tracheobronchial
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What are the 3 parts of the diaphragm?
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Tendinous center
Muscular periphery 2 Musculotendinous crura |
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What is the orientation of the diaphragm?
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Convex aspect is oriented cranially but excentrically (more ventrally)
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What are the attachments of the diaphragm?
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Lumbar vertebra dorsally (L3 and L4 in dog), forming R and L crura
Ribs laterally Sternum ventrally |
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Is the diaphragm an automatic muscle?
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YES; however, it is a striated muscle so it is not innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
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Where is the aortic hiatus and what does it contain?
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Dorsally, between the crura
Contains aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic duct |
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Where is the esophageal hiatus and what does it contain?
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Right crus
Contains esophagus and vagal nerve trunks |
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Where is the caval foramen and what does it contain?
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Central tendon
Contains caudal vena cava |
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Where is the lumbocostal arch and what does it contain?
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Extends from the crura to the costal attachment
Arch where splanchnic nerves from sympathetic trunk enter abdominal cavity |
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Where is the sternocostal aperture and what does it contain?
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Ventrally, between sternum and lower diaphragm
Contains internal thoracic a., v. passing caudally to become cranial epigastric a., v. |
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What innervates the diaphragm?
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Phrenic nerves
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Describe the anatomy of the trachea.
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C-shaped tracheal cartilages that are opened dorsally
Space is bridged by connective tissue and the trachealis muscle-->allows for expansion of the airway to accommodate increased air flow Annular ligaments between the cartilages also allow considerable movement |
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Describe the structure of the bronchial tree.
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Begins at the bifurcation of the trachea to form R and L principle bronchus.
Each principle bronchus divides into lobar (secondary) bronchi that supply the various lobes of the lung. Lobar bronchi divide into segmental or tertiary bronchi |
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What is unique about the bronchial tree in ruminants and the pig?
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An extra bronchus leaves the trachea several centimeters cranial to the principle bronchi to supply the R cranial lobe of the lung---"Tracheal Bronchus"
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Carina
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Central partition at the origin of the 2 principle bronchi
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What is significant about the tracheal cartilages in the horse?
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They are relatively superficial in the horse at the divergence of the left and right sternocepalicus muscles. This is the usual site for tracheotomy to alleviate respiratory distress.
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What is the location and position of the trachea?
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Mid-axis--->4th or 5th thoracic vertebra
Larynx--->bifurcation at lungs Enclosed in deep fascia of neck and mediastinal fascia of thorax Essentially a midline structure, but near its bifurcation is pushed slightly to the right of the median plane by the aortic arch |
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True or False: The lungs are located in the pleural cavities.
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FALSE
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What are the main functions of the lungs?
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Respiration
Acid-base balance Elimination Some metabolism |
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When the diaphragm contracts, what happens to the pleural cavities?
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The diaphragm moves caudally, causing the pleural cavity to enlarge. This increases the extent of the negative pressure within the pleural cavities, drawing air into the lungs.
NOTE: The pleural cavities are always under negative pressure, even after expiration, due to elasticity of the lungs. |
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What is the hilus of the lung?
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The area where bronchi and pulmonary vessels enter (leave) the lung.
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What is the root of the lung?
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The cord-like and tubular structures that pass into and out of the lung at its hilus.
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Describe the lobation of the lungs in carnivores.
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Left = cranial (cranial + caudal) and caudal lobes
Right = cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory |
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What is a common complication of chylothorax in carnivores?
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Lung lobe torsion (usually right middle lobe)
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What are the two lung notches in the carnivore?
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Cardiac notch (R side; cranial + middle lobes)
Notch for Caudal Vena Cava (accessory lobe; contains caudal vena cava + R phrenic nerve) |
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What structures are surrounded by the plica vena cava?
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Caudal vena cava + R phrenic nerve!
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What are the 4 impressions of the lung?
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Aortic
Esophageal Costal Cardiac |
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How do the lungs differ in the horse? (as compared to carnivore)
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No lobes other than accessory lobe. The cardiac notches partially separate each lung into cranial and caudal lobes, but they are not divided into distinct lobes by deep fissures.
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How do the lungs differ in ruminants? (as compared to carnivores)
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Lobation is same as carnivores, except the right cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal portions.
Tracheal bronchus to right cranial lobe before bifurcation of trachea (is the first SECONDARY bronchus) **In the ox lung, interlobular connective tissue defines lobules more significantly than in the horse. |
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How do the lungs differ in the pig? (as compared to carnivores)
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Lobation is the same.
Tracheal bronchus to right cranial lobe |
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What is different about the normal lung sound in the ox as compared to the horse?
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The normal sound in the ox is louder and harsher than in the horse.
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What happens to the auscultation triangle in an animal with pneumonia?
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It is reduced by fluid in the caudoventral portions of the lung.
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What is the auscultation triangle? What are its borders?
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The area over the field of the lungs used for auscultation and percussion.
Cranial limit = a line from the caudal angle of the scapula to the olecranon of the ulna (lung extends craniad to this but the shoulder muscles are too thick for auscultation) Dorsal border = a line from the caudal angle of the scapula to the tuber coxae of the pelvis Basal border = a line from the olecranon of the ulna to the dorsal next to last intercostal space (same as basal border of lung) |
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What type of fibers course through the phrenic nerve?
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Somatic efferent---diaphragm is striated muscle! (Not part of autonomic nervous system but is still an automatic muscle!)
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What are the two components of the Autonomic Nervous system?
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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What are the 3 sympathetic ganglia that were fused from the original 8 paravertebral ganglia in the cervical region? Where is each located?
**Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal nerve to reach the sympathetic trunk at a paravertebral ganglion |
Cervicothoracic or stellate (just deep to dorsal end of rib 1)
Middle cervical (in cranial mediastinum/caudal neck) Cranial cervical (against wall of pharynx in upper neck) **In the thoracic region, there is a paravertebral ganglion for each spinal cord segment |
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What is the pathway of an impulse to the diaphragm?
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PHRENIC NERVES--They arise from ventral branches of approx. C5-C7 cervical spinal nerves, which are part of the PNS, course through the thorax over the heart to the diaphragm.
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What is the ansa subclavia?
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Consists of two sympathetic branches that pass from the cervicothoracic ganglion and form a loop around the subclavian artery, rejoining at or near the middle cervical ganglion. These two branches then pass cranially through the thoracic inlet, on into the neck region, and constitute the cervical sympathetic trunk that grossly runs with the vagus nerve, forming the vagosympathetic trunk
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What is the path of the vagus nerve once it leaves the vagosympathetic trunk?
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As the L and R vagus nerves pass the heart, each divides into a dorsal and ventral branch. The L and R dorsal branches then join each other to form the dorsal vagal nerve trunk. The L and R ventral branches join to form the ventral vagal nerve trunk. These two vagal trunks are dorsal and ventral with respect to the caudal part of the thoracic esophagus. These trunks continue through the esophageal hiatus into the abdomen, and onto the rectum!
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Which part of the peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic nervous system?
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Visceral efferent nerves
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Why is the Autonomic Nervous System different from the other portions of the PNS?
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It has postganglionic neurons! Aka a second neuron interposed between the CNS and the innervated structure.
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What is the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?
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Leaves the vagus, curves around the right subclavian artery, and runs cranially along the trachea to the larynx
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What is the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
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Leaves the vagus caudal to the middle cervical ganglion, curves around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum
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What are the layers of the pericardium in order, starting with the most superficial layer?
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Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral serous pericardium |
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What layer of pleura covers the outer surface of the pericardium?
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Mediastinal pleura
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What is the side of the heart facing the left thoracic wall called?
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Auricular surface
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What is the side of the heart facing the right thoracic wall called?
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Atrial surface
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What side of the heart is the paraconal interventricular groove on? What artery lies in this groove? What vein?
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Left
Paraconal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery Great cardiac vein |
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What side of the heart is the subsinuosal interventricular groove on? What artery lies in this groove? What vein?
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Right
Subsinuosal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery (right coronary in horse + pig) Middle cardiac vein |
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What's the sinus venarum?
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The portion of the R atrium receiving blood from the venae cavae
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What is the location of the coronary groove and what does it contain?
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Circles the heart between atria and ventricles
Contains coronary vessels and fat |
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Which veins empties into the coronary sinus?
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Great cardiac vein
Left azygos vein |
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Which vein does the right azygos vein empty into?
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Cranial vena cava
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Which species have the right azygos vein? Which have the left azygos vein?
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All species have the right azygos vein
Ruminants + pigs have the left azygos vein |
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What do the interventricular grooves lie on top of that is located inside the heart?
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Interventricular septum
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What two veins merge to form the cranial vena cava?
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R + L brachiocephalic veins
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What two veins merge to form the brachiocephalic veins?
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External jugular v.
Subclavian v. |
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What do the azygos veins drain in the body?
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Cranial-most lumbar and the thoracic vertebrae and associated soft tissues that are not drained by the venae cavae
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What are the 3 parts of the aorta in the thorax?
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ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta
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What are the first branches off the aorta?
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R + L coronary arteries via the aortic bulb
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What differs in the location of the left subclavian a. in carnivores?
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Branches directly off the aortic arch
In all other species, it arises from the brachiocephalic trunk. |
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What differs in the location of the common carotid arteries in carnivores?
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Arise individually from the brachiocephalic trunk
In other species, arise from a bicarotid trunk |
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In which species is the caudal cardiac vein present?
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Ruminants
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What are the 2 branches of the left coronary artery?
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paraconal interventricular branch
circumflex branch |
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Comparatively, what is distinctive about the heart in each species? (ruminants, horses, dogs)
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Ruminants = more cone-shaped with a more pointed apex
Dogs = almost spherical Horses = fat in coronary groove considerably more yellow |
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What is the junction of the venae cavae that directs blood toward the R ventricle called?
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Intervenous tubercle
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In which chamber of the heart is the fossa ovalis located?
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Right atrium
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What is the foramen ovale?
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Prenatal shunt between left and right atria
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Which muscles strengthen the internal surface of the auricles?
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Pectinate muscles
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What is the smooth, thick portion of the heart muscle shaped like a semilunar crest at the entrance of the auricle called?
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Terminal crest or "crista terminalis"
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How many cusps does the right AV valve have?
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3 (tricuspid)
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What are the tendinous cords attaching the valve cusps to the ventricular walls called and what is their purpose?
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Chordae tendinae
Prevent evulsion of the valves into the atria during ventricular systole |
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To what muscles do the chordae tendinae attach?
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Papillary muscles
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What are the muscular irregularities of the interior ventricular wall called?
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Trabeculae carnae
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What nerve fibers run through the trabecula septomarginalis?
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Purkinje fibers
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In which ventricle is the trabecula septomarginalis located?
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Right ventricle
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What is the funnel-shaped cone where the right ventricle terminates called and what does it give rise to?
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Conus arteriosus
Gives rise to the pulmonary trunk |
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What are the names of the 2 semilunar valves in the heart?
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Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve |
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What does the pulmonary trunk run between and underneath?
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Between R and L auricles
Underneath aortic arch |
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What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
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A remnant of the prenatal shunt, the ductus arteriosus, that allowed blood from the pulmonary trunk to bypass the lungs and go into the aorta.
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How many cusps does the left AV valve have?
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2 (bicuspid; mitral valve)
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What is the cranial-to-caudal location of the heart with respect to ribs in each species? (cat, dog, pig, ruminant, horse)
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Cat = 4th-7th
Dog = 3rd-6th Pig = 2nd-5th Ruminant = 2nd-5th Horse = 2nd-6th |
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What is the location of the puncta maxima for each valve of the heart?
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Right AV = right 4th ICS, low
Left AV = left 5th ICS, costochondral junction Aortic = left 4th ICS, higher Pulmonic = left 3rd intercostal space, low |
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What is the site for thoracocentesis in each species? (horse, cow, dog, cat)
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Horse + Cow = 6-7th
Dog = 7-8th Cat = 8th at CC junction |
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What is the most common cardiovascular malformation in dogs?
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
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What is the name of the abnormal heart sound associated with a PDA?
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Machinery murmur
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What clinical signs develop in an animal with PDA?
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Poor growth
Dyspnea Rales R + L heart failure |
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What is the anatomic location of preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies and preganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies?
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Preganglionic sympathetic = 1st thoracic to 3rd lumbar cord segments (thoracolumbar)
Preganglionic parasympathetic = brain stem in nuclei associated with cranial nerves III, IX, and X, and in 3 sacral segments of the spinal cord (craniosacral) |
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Interventricular septal defects: what is the result?
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If the defect is sizeable enough, there is increased turbulence that results in a systolic murmur from the forcing of blood from the left ventricle into the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
Clinical signs: Left heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy Usually fatal before weaning |
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What is the most common cardiac malformation of large domestic animals?
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Interventricular septal defects
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Interatrial septal defects: what are the results and what dog breeds is it most common in?
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Can occur via foramen ovale
Blood is shunted from left to right because of the higher pressure in the left heart. This overloads the right heart, causing dilation and hypertrophy of both right chambers. Most common in Boxers and Samoyed |
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What is the location of cardiac puncture in the dog?
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Right side, 4-5th ICS at CC junction (location of cardiac notch)
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How many ribs are in each species?
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Dogs, Cats, Cows = 13
Horse = 18 Pig = 15 |
