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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the
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capillaries
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blood flow through the capillaries is regulated by the
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vasa vasorum
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blood from the brain returns to the heart by way of the
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internal jugular vein
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branches off the aortic arch include
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the left subclavian artery
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during increased exercise
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venous return increases
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in the leg, the femoral artery becomes the
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popiteal artery
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the fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the
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superior vena cava
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elderly individuals usually have
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stiff, inelastic arteries
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a major difference between the arterial and venous systems is that
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veins exhibit a more orderly pattern of branching in the limbs
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you would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in
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the pancreas
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why does the endothelial lining of a Constaricted artery appear to have pleats?
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the vasa vasorum contract irregularly
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patterns of interactions between neurons include which of the following?
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all of the above
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The lymphoid system is composed of
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lymphatic vessels
the spleen lymph nodes (d) all of the above |
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Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries
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are frequently irregular in shape
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Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
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thoracic duct
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Some cells known as lymphocytes
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produce proteins called antibodies
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_______________ are large lymphoid nodules located in the walls of the pharynx.
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Tonsils
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Areas of the spleen that contain large numbers of lymphocytes are known as
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white pulp
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The red pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of
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macrophages
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The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are
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plasmocytes
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The medullary cords of a lymph node contain
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B cells
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Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are
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cytotoxic T cells
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Blocking the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes would interfere with
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that lymphocyte’s ability to produce antibodies
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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects
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cytotoxic T cells
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If the thymus failed to produce the hormone thymosin, we would expect to see a decrease in the number of
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cytotoxic T cells
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Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
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information processing
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Glial cells found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are
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satellite cells
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The most important function of the soma of a neuron is to
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house organelles that produce energy and synthesize organic molecules
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Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
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terminal arborization
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Which of the following activities or sensations are not monitored by interoceptors?
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visual activities
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Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the cell body lies off to one side are called
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pseudounipolar
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The structures at the ends of the terminal arborizations that form the synaptic terminals are the
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terminal boutons
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Neurotransmitter is released by
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a presynaptic membrane only
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In neuron pools, parallel processing occurs when
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several neurons process the same information at the same time
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A column is a
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group of tracts in the spinal cord
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Patterns of interactions between neurons include which of the following?
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divergence
parallel processing reverberation (d) all of the above |
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Which neuronal tissue cell type is likely to be malfunctioning if the blood–brain barrier is no longer adequately protecting the brain?
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astrocytes
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Developmental problems in the growth and interconnections of neurons in the brain reflect problems with the
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astrocytes
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The heart lies in the
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pericardial cavity
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he atrioventricular valve that is located on the side of the heart that receives blood from the superior vena cava is the
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tricuspid valve
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The functions of the fibrous pericardium include
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anchoring the heart to surrounding structures
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All of the following are true of intercalated discs except
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they have a smooth junction between the sarcolemmae of apposed muscle cells
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The heart is innervated by
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both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
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The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in
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the SA node
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The muscle fibers of the atria are isolated physically from those of the ventricles
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by the fibrous skeleton of the heart
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The two main branches of the right coronary artery are the
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right marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch
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The mitral or bicuspid valve is located
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between the left atrium and left ventricle
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If the sinoatrial node is damaged, what will happen to the heartbeat?
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the atrioventricular node will take over setting the pace, at a speed somewhat slower than normal
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If the papillary muscles fail to contract,
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the AV valves will not close properly
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If there were damage to the sympathetic innervation to the heart, what would happen to the heart rate under the influence of the remaining autonomic nervous system stimulation?
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it would decrease
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functions of the blood include
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all of the above are correct
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The most common formed elements in the blood are the
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red blood cells
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The most abundant proteins in blood are
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albumins
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The major classes of white blood cells include
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granular and agranular cells
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Stem cells responsible for the production of white blood cells originate in the
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bone marrow
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Each of the following statements concerning red blood cells (RBCs) is true except
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RBCshavealargenucleus
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The primary function of hemoglobin is to
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carry oxygen to peripheral tissues
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People with type A blood have
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A surface antigens in their red blood cells
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The white blood cells that increase in number during an allergic reaction or in response to parasitic infections are the
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eosinophils
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Platelets are
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fragments of cells
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How does the reaction of an Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood type differ from that of Types A, B, and O?
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the blood of of an Rh-negative individual contains anti-Rh
agglutinogens only if he or she has been sensitized by previous exposure to Rh-positive erythrocyte |
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Hemostasis can be disrupted by which of the following?
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a deficiency of calcium ions
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Why does the lack of mitochondria make an erythrocyte more efficient at transporting oxygen?
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without mitochondria, the erythrocyte will not use the oxygen it absorbs and can therefore carry all of it to peripheral tissues
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Iron deficiency would result in which of the following?
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polycythemia
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Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
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upper respiratory tract
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Surfactant
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helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
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The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
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oropharynx
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The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
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vestibule
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What aspect of laryngeal function would be impaired if the arytenoid and corniculate cartilages were damaged?
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sound production would be impaired
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The cartilage that serves as a base for the larynx is
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cricoid cartilage
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The vocal folds are located in the
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larynx
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The trachea
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is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages
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The cartilage blocks in the walls of the secondary and tertiary bronchi
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support the bronchi and assist in keeping the lumens open
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The epithelium of the vestibule
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contains coarse hairs that guard the nasal opening
from the entry of large particles and insects |
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Why does a person with a cold often have a stuffed up nose?
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the response of the nasal epithelium to irritants, such as
those that cause the common cold, is to secrete greater amounts of mucus than normal to trap the virus particles |
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How does deep breathing differ from costal breathing?
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the diaphragm contracts in deep breathing, while it
does not contract in costal breathing |
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The actions involved in the mechanical processing of food include all but which of the following?
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absorption
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Digestion refers to
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the chemical breakdown of food
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Most of the digestive tract is lined by the
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simple columnar epithelium
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The _____ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in their proper position
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mesenteries
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The activities of the digestive system are regulated by
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all of the above
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Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the
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myenteric plexus
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The mesentery that suspends most of the small intestine is the
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mesentery prope
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The passageway between the oral cavity and the
pharynx is the |
fauces
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Plicae and intestinal villi
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increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small
intestine |
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The ventral mesentery
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none of the above
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Which of the following does not apply to the entire small intestine?
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it is retroperitoneal
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In elderly individuals, the function of the digestive tract
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changes in ways that parallel to age-related changes
of most other systems of the body |
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How would damage or removal of parts of the mesentery interfere with normal function of the small intestine?
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the blood and nerve supply would suffer
interference |
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Each kidney is protected/stabilized by the
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fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, and renal fascia
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The urinary system does all of the following except
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secrete excess glucose molecules
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The renal sinus is
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an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located
inside the hilum |
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Which vessels form the plexus that supplies the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
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peritubular capillaries
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The process of filtration occurs at the
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renal corpuscle
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The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the
functions of the |
nephron loop
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The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by _______ epithelium
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transitional
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Each of the following is a normal component of urine
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large proteins
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A ligament that extends from the anterior and superior border of the bladder to the umbilicus is the
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median umbilical ligament
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The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting
duct is the |
distal convoluted tubule
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What is the significance of the slit-like, rather than rounded, openings of the entrance of the ureters into the bladder?
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the shape prevents urine backflow toward the ureters
when the urinary bladder contracts |
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Problems with the micturition reflex in older individuals include
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urinary retention in males because of prostate
enlargement |
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How will kidney function be altered in an individual who has more than one renal artery and vein per side, with the same overall volume of possible lumen space entering the kidney at the hilum?
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as long as the arteries and veins in the individual are normal, kidney function will be normal
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