Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
439 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ability
|
Ability refers to the capability of developing a skill or learning a task
|
|
|
Absorption
|
The taking in of substances by cells or membranes is absorption.
|
|
|
Abuse
|
Abuse refers to the continued use of any drug or compulsive behavior despite adverse consequences
|
|
|
Acetaminophen
|
Acetaminophen refers to a nonaspirin analgesic and antipyretic
|
|
|
Acetic acid
|
Acetic acid refers to a two-compound fatty acid that is used in the synthesis of lipids.
|
|
|
Acetylcholine
|
Acetylcholine refers to a type of neurotransmitter, which is a biochemical secreted at the axon ends of many neurons. It transmits nerve impulses across synapses.
|
|
|
Acetylcholinesterase
|
An enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine is acetylcholinesterase.
|
|
|
Acid
|
Acid refers to a substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions.
|
|
|
Actin
|
A protein in a muscle fiber that, together with myosin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation is actin.
|
|
|
Actin myofilament
|
Thin myofilament within the sarcomere is called actin myofilament.
|
|
|
Action potential
|
The sequence of electrical changes occurring when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold is called action potential.
|
|
|
Action potentials
|
Action potentials refer to neural impulses
|
|
|
Active transport
|
Process that requires an expenditure of energy to move a substance across a cell membrane is referred to as active transport.
|
|
|
Acute
|
Acute refers to pertaining to a disease with abrupt onset, intense symptoms, and short duration. Compare with with chronic.
|
|
|
Adipose tissue
|
Fat-storing tissue is called adipose tissue.
|
|
|
ADP
|
ADP refers to adenosine diphosphate.
|
|
|
Aerobic
|
Producing energy for physical activity with oxygen is referred to as aerobic.
|
|
|
Aerobic endurance
|
The length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways is referred to as aerobic endurance.
|
|
|
Aerobic exercise
|
Exercise in which oxygen is used to produce ATP is aerobic exercise.
|
|
|
Aerobic respiration
|
Phase of cellular respiration that requires oxygen is aerobic respiration.
|
|
|
Amino acids
|
Small organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group are called amino acids.
|
|
|
Amitotic
|
Incapable of mitosis, as in mature skeletal muscle fibers and osteocytes is called amitotic.
|
|
|
Anabolic steroids
|
Anabolic steroids refer to drugs derived from the male sex hormone, testosterone. They promote muscle growth and lean body mass.
|
|
|
Anaerobic
|
Producing energy for physical activity without oxygen is referred to as anaerobic.
|
|
|
Anaerobic respiration
|
Phase of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic respiration.
|
|
|
Anaerobic threshold
|
The point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis is referred to as the anaerobic threshold.
|
|
|
Anatomy
|
Branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts is referred to as anatomy.
|
|
|
Androgen
|
A male sex hormone such as testosterone is called an androgen.
|
|
|
Androgens
|
Male sex hormones are referred to as androgens.
|
|
|
Androstenedione
|
Androstenedione refers to an androgenic steroid of weaker potency than testosterone.
|
|
|
Anemia
|
A condition of red blood cell or hemoglobin deficiency is called anemia.
|
|
|
Anterior
|
Pertaining to the front is referred to as anterior.
|
|
|
Antibodies
|
Antibodies refer to substances formed by white blood cells that recognize and destroy antigens.
|
|
|
Aponeurosis
|
A sheet of connective tissue by which certain muscles are attached to adjacent muscles is an aponeurosis.
|
|
|
Appendix
|
A small, tubular appendage that extends outward from the cecum of the large intestine is an appendix.
|
|
|
Arrector pili
|
A bundle of smooth muscle cells associated with a hair follicle, responsible for erection of the hair are referred to as arrector pili.
|
|
|
Arteries
|
Arteries refer to blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation.
|
|
|
Arterioles
|
Branches of the arteries are referred to as arterioles.
|
|
|
Artery
|
A vessel that transports blood away from the heart is an artery.
|
|
|
Aspect
|
A particular view of the body or one of its structures, or a part that faces in a particular direction, such as the anterior aspect is referred to as an aspect.
|
|
|
Asthma
|
Condition of the lungs in which widespread narrowing of airways occurs caused by contraction of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa, and mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles is called asthma.
|
|
|
Atherosclerosis
|
Atherosclerosis refers to a condition in which fatty substances accumulate on the inner linings of arteries.
|
|
|
ATP
|
Adenosine triphosphate, the biological energy molecule is called ATP.
|
|
|
Atpase
|
Atpase refers to an enzyme that causes ATP molecules to release the energy stored in the terminal phosphate bonds.
|
|
|
Atrophy
|
A wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue is atrophy.
|
|
|
Attachment
|
Attachment refers to the enduring affectional tie that binds one person to another.
|
|
|
Autoimmune disease
|
Any disease in which antibodies fail to distinguish between foreign and self-antigens and attack the bodies own tissues is called an autoimmune disease.
|
|
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
A portion of the nervous system that controls the actions of the viscera is called the autonomic nervous system.
|
|
|
Axon
|
Axon refers to a nerve fiber that conducts a nerve impulse away from a neuron cell body.
|
|
|
Axon terminal
|
A swelling at the end of an axon that is designed to release a chemical substance onto another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell is called axon terminal.
|
|
|
Axons
|
Neuron branches that transmit messages to other neurons are axons.
|
|
|
Biceps
|
Two-headed, especially applied to certain muscles is referred to as biceps.
|
|
|
Binding
|
The bringing together and integration of what is processed through different pathways or cells is referred to as binding.
|
|
|
Bone
|
Rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates is the bone.
|
|
|
Bone mass
|
Total mineral substance in a cross section of bone, generally expressed as grams per centimeter of length is a bone mass.
|
|
|
Brain
|
The complex mass of neural cells and related cells encased in the skull is a brain.
|
|
|
Bronchioles
|
The branching air passageways inside the lungs are called bronchioles.
|
|
|
Calmodulin
|
An intracellular protein that binds calcium ions and mediates many of the second-messenger effects of calcium is called calmodulin.
|
|
|
Calsequestrin
|
Calsequestrin refers to a protein found in smooth endoplasmic reticulum that reversibly binds and stores calcium ions, rendering calcium chemically unreactive until needed for such processes as muscle contraction.
|
|
|
Cancer
|
General term frequently used to indicate any of various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause death of the patient is called cancer.
|
|
|
Capillaries
|
Capillaries refer to the smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells.
|
|
|
Capillary
|
Capillary refers to a small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule.
|
|
|
Capillary bed
|
Capillary bed refers to minute vessels one cell thick that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation. Gas and nutrient exchange occurs here between body cells and the bloodstream.
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
Compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Some carbohydrates are digestible and provide the body with energy. Others are not digestible but still have important functions.
|
|
|
Cardiac
|
Related to the heart is referred to as cardiac.
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle
|
Specialized type of muscle tissue found only in the heart is the cardiac muscle.
|
|
|
Cardiovascular system
|
Cardiovascular system refers to an organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, serving for the transport of blood. Compare with with circulatory system.
|
|
|
Cartilage
|
Cartilage refers to type of connective tissue in which cells are located within lacunae and are separated by a semisolid matrix.
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones is referred to as catabolism.
|
|
|
Cell
|
Cell refers to the smallest subdivision of a tissue considered to be alive
|
|
|
Cell body
|
A portion of a nerve cell that includes a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus, and from which the nerve fibers extend is called a cell body.
|
|
|
Center
|
According to Piaget, to focus one's attention is referred to as center.
|
|
|
Central
|
Located relatively close to the medial axis of the body, as in the central nervous system is referred to as central.
|
|
|
Cephalocaudal
|
From head to toe is referred to as cephalocaudal.
|
|
|
Cheek
|
Side of the face forming the lateral wall of the mouth is a cheek.
|
|
|
Chemical energy
|
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances is called chemical energy.
|
|
|
Chloride
|
Compound containing chlorine, such as, salts of hydrochloric acid are called chloride.
|
|
|
Cholesterol
|
Cholesterol refers to a lipid produced by body cells used to synthesize steroid hormones and excreted into the bile.
|
|
|
Chromosome
|
Rod-like structure that condenses from chromatin in a cell’s nucleus during mitosis is the chromosome.
|
|
|
Chronic
|
Chronic refers to long lasting. Pertaining to a disease that progresses slowly and has a long duration. Compare with with acute.
|
|
|
Cisterna
|
A fluid-filled space or sac, such as the cisterna chyli of the lymphatic system and a cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex is called cisterna.
|
|
|
Cisternae
|
Enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the actin and myosin filaments of a muscle fiber are called the cisternae.
|
|
|
Clitoris
|
Small erectile organ located in the anterior portion of the vulva is a clitoris.
|
|
|
Concentric
|
Concentric refers to having the same center.
|
|
|
Congenital
|
Present at birth is called congenital.
|
|
|
Connective tissue
|
Connective tissue refers to one of the basic types of tissue that includes bone, cartilage, blood, loose and fibrous connective tissue.
|
|
|
Contractility
|
Muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is called contractility.
|
|
|
Contraction
|
Contraction refers to shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells.
|
|
|
Contraction phase
|
One of the three phases of muscle contraction is referred to as the contraction phase.
|
|
|
Coronary heart disease
|
Coronary heart disease refers to angina pectoris, chest pains caused by insufficient supply of blood and thus oxygen to the heart
|
|
|
Creatine
|
Creatine refers to a nutritional supplement, this compound is synthesized in the body from amino acids or extracted from fish and meat
|
|
|
Creatine phosphate
|
A muscle biochemical that stores energy is referred to as creatine phosphate.
|
|
|
Cross section
|
A cut perpendicular to the long axis of the body or an organ is called cross section.
|
|
|
Crystals
|
Crystals refers to large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
|
|
|
Cycling
|
Using different steroids over set periods of time to minimize side effects and maximize desired strength- and muscle-enhancing effects is called cycling.
|
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
Cytoplasm refers to the contents of a cell excluding the nucleus and cell membrane.
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
A system of protein tubules and filaments that reinforces a cell’s three-dimensional form and provides scaffolding and transport tracts for organelles is a cytoskeleton.
|
|
|
Delusions
|
False, persistent beliefs unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence are delusions.
|
|
|
Depolarization
|
The loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane is referred to as depolarization.
|
|
|
Depolarize
|
Depolarize refers to reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about -70 millivolts toward zero.
|
|
|
Diabetes
|
Any disease characterized by chronic polyuria of metabolic origin is referred to as diabetes.
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
High blood glucose level and glucose in the urine due to a deficiency of insulin is called diabetes mellitus.
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
Random movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration is referred to as diffusion.
|
|
|
Digestion
|
Breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed is called digestion.
|
|
|
Digestive system
|
System that processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes is referred to as digestive system.
|
|
|
Disability
|
A physical or health condition that stigmatizes or causes discrimination, is referred to as a disability.
|
|
|
Disease
|
The medical concept that distinguishes an impairment of the normal state of the organism by its particular group of symptoms and its specific cause is referred to as disease.
|
|
|
Disease prevention
|
Actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick are referred to as disease prevention.
|
|
|
Displacement
|
A defense mechanism in which the individual directs aggressive or sexual feelings away from the primary object to someone or something safe is referred to as displacement.
|
|
|
Distal
|
Farther from the midline or origin is called distal.
|
|
|
Disuse
|
Disuse refers to theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.
|
|
|
DNA
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid is referred to as DNA.
|
|
|
Dominant
|
Pertaining to a genetic allele that is phenotypically expressed in the presence of any other allele is referred to as dominant. Pertaining to a trait that results from a dominant allele.
|
|
|
Drug
|
Any substance that, when consumed, alters one or more of the functions of the human body is referred to as a drug.
|
|
|
Dystrophin
|
Dystrophin refers to a protein comprising only 0.002% of the total protein in skeletal muscle that supports the cell membrane. Its absence causes muscular dystrophy.
|
|
|
Eccentric contraction
|
Force within a muscle less than that required to lift or move an object is an eccentric contraction.
|
|
|
Elasticity
|
The tendency of a stretched structure to return to its original dimensions when tension is released is elasticity.
|
|
|
Electrochemical gradient
|
A difference in ion concentration from one point to another resulting in a gradient of both chemical concentration and electrical charge is referred to as electrochemical gradient.
|
|
|
Electron
|
A small, negatively charged particle that revolves around the nucleus of an atom is called an electron.
|
|
|
Element
|
A basic chemical substance is an element.
|
|
|
Elements
|
Elements refers to substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes. Common elements in nutrition include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and iron.
|
|
|
Elevation
|
Elevation refers to upward movement of a part of the body.
|
|
|
Elimination
|
Elimination refers to the physiologic excretion of drugs and other substances from the body.
|
|
|
Embryo
|
A prenatal stage of development after germ layers form but before the rudiments of all organs are present is referred to as an embryo.
|
|
|
Embryonic stage
|
The baby from the third through the eighth weeks following conception, during which time the major organ systems undergo rapid differentiation is an embryonic stage.
|
|
|
Emotions
|
Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior are called emotions.
|
|
|
Endocrine system
|
Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones is called endocrine system.
|
|
|
Endomysium
|
The sheath of connective tissue surrounding each skeletal muscle fiber is called endomysium.
|
|
|
Endoplasmic reticulum
|
Organelle composed of a system of connected membranous tubules and vesicles along which protein synthesis occurs is called endoplasmic reticulum.
|
|
|
Endurance exercise
|
Endurance exercise refers to a form of physical exercise, such as running or swimming that promotes cardiopulmonary efficiency and fatigue resistance more than muscular strength. Compare with resistance exercise.
|
|
|
Energy
|
Energy refers to the capacity to do work
|
|
|
Environment
|
Environment refers to conditions and elements that make up the surroundings of the body.
|
|
|
Enzyme
|
A protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction is referred to as an enzyme.
|
|
|
Enzymes
|
Organic substances that cause bodily changes and destruction of microorganisms are called enzymes.
|
|
|
Epimysium
|
The outer sheath of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is called epimysium.
|
|
|
Epinephrine
|
A hormone the adrenal medulla secretes during times of stress is epinephrine.
|
|
|
Erection
|
Erection refers to the filling of tissues with blood making the structure rigid and elevated.
|
|
|
Estrogen
|
Estrogen refers to a generic term for several female sex hormones that promote growth of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle.
|
|
|
Excitability
|
The ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus, especially the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce membrane voltage changes in response to stimuli is excitability.
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
Exiting from the cell is called exocytosis.
|
|
|
Extension
|
Movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint is referred to as extension.
|
|
|
Extracellular fluid
|
Body fluids outside the individual cells are called extracellular fluid.
|
|
|
Extracellular matrix
|
Extracellular matrix refers to nonliving chemical substances located between connective tissue cells.
|
|
|
Extracellular space
|
Extracellular space refers to the space outside cells.
|
|
|
Eyelid
|
Palpebra is referred to as the eyelid.
|
|
|
Fascia
|
Fascia refers to a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that encloses a muscle.
|
|
|
Fascicle
|
A bundle of muscle or nerve fibers ensheathed in connective tissue are called a fascicle.
|
|
|
Fatigue
|
Period characterized by a reduced capacity to do work is fatigue.
|
|
|
Fertilization
|
The union of an egg cell and a sperm cell is referred to as fertilization.
|
|
|
Fetus
|
A human embryo after eight weeks of development is called a fetus.
|
|
|
Fiber
|
A slender threadlike structure or filament is called a fiber.
|
|
|
Fibrous connective tissue
|
Any connective tissue with a preponderance of fiber, such as areolar, reticular, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues is referred to as the fibrous connective tissue.
|
|
|
Frequency
|
Measured in the unit called the hertz, the number of sound waves or cycles per second, determining the pitch of the sound is a frequency.
|
|
|
Function
|
Function refers to in developmental psychology, action related to a structure, such as movement of a muscle, firing of a nerve, or activation of a mental representation
|
|
|
Fusiform
|
Spindle-shaped is called fusiform.
|
|
|
G actin
|
Globular protein molecules that, when bound together, form fibrous actin is referred to as G actin.
|
|
|
Gastrin
|
Gastrin refers to a hormone secreted by the stomach lining that stimulates secretion of gastric juice.
|
|
|
Gastrointestinal tract
|
Gastrointestinal tract refers to the main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
|
|
|
Gene
|
Gene refers to portion of a DNA molecule that encodes the information to synthesize a protein, a control sequence, or TRNA or RRNA. The unit of inheritance.
|
|
|
Glucocorticoids
|
Adrenal cortex hormones that increase blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting long-term stressors are referred to as glucocorticoids.
|
|
|
Glucose
|
A monosaccharide in the blood that is the primary source of cellular energy is called glucose.
|
|
|
Glycogen
|
A polysaccharide that stores glucose in the liver and muscles is glycogen.
|
|
|
Glycolysis
|
The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration is referred to as glycolysis.
|
|
|
Graded muscle responses
|
Variations in the degree of muscle contraction by changing either the frequency or strength of the stimulus are called graded muscle responses.
|
|
|
Gradient
|
A difference or change in any variable, such as pressure or chemical concentration, from one point in space to another is a gradient.
|
|
|
Gross anatomy
|
Bodily structure that can be observed without magnification is referred to as gross anatomy.
|
|
|
Growth
|
Growth refers to the process by which a structure enlarges.
|
|
|
Growth factor
|
A chemical messenger that stimulates mitosis and differentiation of target cells that have receptors for it is a growth factor.
|
|
|
Growth hormone
|
A hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes the growth of the organism is referred to as the growth hormone.
|
|
|
H zone
|
Area in the center of the band in which there are no actin myofilaments is called the H zone.
|
|
|
Hair
|
Hair refers to columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells.
|
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
Pigment of red blood cells responsible for the transport of oxygen is referred to as hemoglobin.
|
|
|
Hernia
|
Hernia refers to abnormal protrusion of an organ or a body part through the containing wall of its cavity.
|
|
|
Histamine
|
A substance released from stressed cells is called histamine.
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
A state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the body remains in the normal range is called homeostasis.
|
|
|
Hormone
|
A substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is transmitted in the blood or body fluids is referred to as a hormone.
|
|
|
Hormones
|
Hormones refer to steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Splitting of a molecule into smaller portions by addition of a water molecule is called hydrolysis.
|
|
|
Hydroxyapatite
|
A type of crystalline calcium phosphate found in bone matrix is hydroxyapatite.
|
|
|
Hyperplasia
|
Hyperplasia refers to the growth of a tissue through cellular multiplication, not cellular enlargement. Compare with hypertrophy.
|
|
|
Hypertrophy
|
Enlargement of an organ or tissue is called hypertrophy.
|
|
|
I band
|
Area between the ends of two adjacent myosin myofilaments within a myofibril is an I band.
|
|
|
Ibuprofen
|
A nonopiate pain reliever that controls pain, fever, and inflammation is referred to as ibuprofen.
|
|
|
Ice
|
Ice refers to street name for dextromethamphetamine, a crystalline form of amphetamine that is smokable. It has slightly milder physical effects than methamphetamine hydrochloride but more severe mental effects.
|
|
|
Immune system
|
A population of cells, including leukocytes and macrophages, that occur in most organs of the body and protect against foreign organisms, some foreign chemicals, and cancerous or other aberrant host cells is called an immune system.
|
|
|
Immunity
|
Resistance to the effects of specific disease-causing agents is called immunity.
|
|
|
Impulse
|
A wave of depolarization conducted along a nerve fiber or muscle fiber is an impulse.
|
|
|
Independence
|
The condition in which one variable has no effect on another is referred to as independence.
|
|
|
Infection
|
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues is called an infection.
|
|
|
Infectious disease
|
Infectious disease refers to an illness caused when a microorganism, such as a bacterium or a virus, invades the body, multiplies, and attacks a specific organ or organ system
|
|
|
Infertility
|
Inability to conceive after 12 months of trying is called infertility.
|
|
|
Inflammation
|
A tissue response to stress that is characterized by dilation of blood vessels and an accumulation of fluid in the affected region is called inflammation.
|
|
|
Ingestion
|
The taking of food or liquid into the body by way of the mouth is referred to as ingestion.
|
|
|
Innervation
|
The nerve supply to an organ is referred to as innervation.
|
|
|
Inorganic
|
Chemical substances that lack carbon and hydrogen are called inorganic.
|
|
|
Insertion
|
The end of a muscle attached to a movable part is referred to as insertion.
|
|
|
Insulin
|
A hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that controls carbohydrate metabolism is referred to as insulin.
|
|
|
Integumentary system
|
An organ system consisting of the skin, cutaneous glands, hair, and nails is an integumentary system.
|
|
|
Intensity
|
Brightness is an intensity.
|
|
|
Intercalated discs
|
Cap junctions connecting muscle cells of the myocardium are referred to as intercalated discs.
|
|
|
Intracellular
|
Within cells, we have intracellular.
|
|
|
Intrinsic
|
Arising from within, such as intrinsic blood-clotting factors.
|
|
|
Involuntary
|
Involuntary refers to not consciously controlled.
|
|
|
Ion
|
A chemical particle with unequal numbers of electrons or protons and consequently a net negative or positive charge is an ion
|
|
|
Ion channels
|
Ion channels refers to gaps through the axon membrane.
|
|
|
Irritability
|
Ability to respond to stimuli is irritability.
|
|
|
Ischemia
|
Ischemia refers to a deficiency of blood in a body part.
|
|
|
Isometric contraction
|
Isometric contraction refers to muscular contraction in which the muscle does not shorten.
|
|
|
Isotonic
|
Condition in which a solution has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the solution with which it is compared is referred to as isotonic.
|
|
|
Isotonic contraction
|
Muscular contraction in which the muscle shortens is an isotonic contraction.
|
|
|
Kidney
|
One of the two organs that excrete urine is the kidney. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs approximately 11 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.
|
|
|
Kinase
|
An enzyme that converts an inactive or precursor form of another enzyme to an active form by adding a phosphate group is referred to as a kinase.
|
|
|
Lactic acid
|
Lactic acid refers to an organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration.
|
|
|
Large fibers
|
Large fibers refer to nerve fibers in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord that regulate the pattern and intensity of pain sensations. They close the gate, decreasing the transmission of painful stimuli.
|
|
|
Latent period
|
Time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of a response in a muscle fiber is referred to as the latent period.
|
|
|
Lateral
|
Pertaining to the side is called lateral.
|
|
|
Ligand
|
A chemical that binds reversibly to a receptor site on a protein, such as a neurotransmitter that binds to a membrane receptor or a substrate that binds to an enzyme is referred to as a ligand.
|
|
|
Liver
|
A large, dark red organ in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side that detoxifies blood, stores glycogen and fat-soluble vitamins, and synthesizes proteins is referred to as the liver.
|
|
|
Load
|
Load refers to pick up a gas for transport in the bloodstream. The resistance acted upon by a muscle.
|
|
|
Locomotion
|
Movement from one place to another is called locomotion.
|
|
|
Longitudinal
|
Oriented along the longest dimension of the body or an organ is called longitudinal.
|
|
|
Lower limb
|
Inferior appendage consisting of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot is called lower limb.
|
|
|
Lumen
|
Space within a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or intestine is called the lumen.
|
|
|
M line
|
Line in the center of the H zone made of delicate filaments that holds the myosin myofilaments in place in the sarcomere of muscle fibers is the M line.
|
|
|
Matrix
|
Matrix refers to the intercellular substance of connective tissue.
|
|
|
Maturation
|
The orderly unfolding of traits, as regulated by the genetic code is called maturation.
|
|
|
Maximal stimulus
|
Stimulus resulting in a local potential just large enough to produce the maximum frequency of action potentials is referred to as maximal stimulus.
|
|
|
Mechanical energy
|
The energy directly involved in moving matter is referred to as mechanical energy.
|
|
|
Membrane potential
|
Membrane potential refers to a voltage across the plasma membrane.
|
|
|
Mental
|
Pertaining to the mind is mental.
|
|
|
Mesoderm
|
Mesoderm refers to the middle primary germ layer.
|
|
|
Metabolic disorder
|
Metabolic disorder refers to any disorder in metabolism.
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
All of the chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy is metabolism.
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities are referred to as mitochondria.
|
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
Organelle housing enzymes that catalyze reactions of aerobic respiration is mitochondrion.
|
|
|
Molecular level
|
Molecular level refers to in research, investigations of behavior at the physiological or biochemical level.
|
|
|
Molecule
|
A particle composed of two or more joined atoms is referred to as a molecule.
|
|
|
Motility
|
Motility refers to self-propulsion.
|
|
|
Motor end plate
|
Specialized portion of a muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction is the motor end plate.
|
|
|
Motor nerve
|
A nerve that consists of motor nerve fibers is a motor nerve.
|
|
|
Motor neuron
|
Motor neuron refers to a neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector.
|
|
|
Motor neurons
|
Neurons that communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands of the body are referred to as motor neurons.
|
|
|
Motor unit
|
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers associated with it is a motor unit.
|
|
|
Multiple motor unit summation
|
A sustained muscle contraction of increasing strength in response to input from many motor units is called multiple motor unit summation.
|
|
|
Muscle fiber
|
One muscle cell, especially of skeletal muscle is referred to as muscle fiber.
|
|
|
Muscle tension
|
The force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object is called muscle tension.
|
|
|
Muscle tissue
|
Muscle tissue is a type of tissue adapted to contract.
|
|
|
Muscle tone
|
The contraction of some fibers in skeletal muscle at any given time is called muscle tone.
|
|
|
Muscle twitch
|
Contraction of a whole muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers is a muscle twitch.
|
|
|
Muscular dystrophy
|
A group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases is referred to as muscular dystrophy.
|
|
|
Muscular system
|
An organ system composed of the skeletal muscles, specialized mainly for maintaining postural support and producing movements of the bones is a muscular system.
|
|
|
Myoblast
|
Primitive multinucleated cell with the potential of developing into a muscle fiber is a myoblast.
|
|
|
Myoblasts
|
Embryonic mesoderm cells from which all muscle fiber develops are myoblasts.
|
|
|
Myofibril
|
Myofibril refers to contractile fibers within muscle cells.
|
|
|
Myofibrils
|
Myofibrils refers to a bundle of contractile fibers within a muscle cell.
|
|
|
Myofilament
|
A protein microfilament responsible for the contraction of a muscle cell composed mainly of myosin or actin is a myofilament.
|
|
|
Myoglobin
|
A pigmented compound in muscle tissue that stores oxygen is called myoglobin.
|
|
|
Myogram
|
A recording of a muscular contraction is referred to as a myogram.
|
|
|
Myosin
|
Myosin refers to a protein that, together with actin, produces muscular contraction and relaxation.
|
|
|
Nerve cell
|
A neuron is called a nerve cell.
|
|
|
Nerve fiber
|
A thin process of a neuron is a nerve fiber.
|
|
|
Nerve impulse
|
The electrochemical process of depolarization and repolarization along a nerve fiber is called the nerve impulse.
|
|
|
Nerves
|
Bundles of neuron fibers that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system are referred to as nerves.
|
|
|
Nervous system
|
An organ system composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, specialized for rapid communication of information is a nervous system.
|
|
|
Network
|
A collection of radio or television stations that offer programs, usually simultaneously, throughout the country, during designated program times, is referred to as a network.
|
|
|
Neural
|
Referring to the nervous system is neural.
|
|
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
Point of contact between a nerve and muscle cell is called neuromuscular junction.
|
|
|
Neuron
|
A nerve cell that consists of a cell body and its processes is a neuron.
|
|
|
Neurons
|
Nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system are called neurons.
|
|
|
Neurotransmitter
|
Chemical secreted by the end of an axon that stimulates a muscle fiber to contract or a neuron to fire an impulse is referred to as a neurotransmitter.
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
Chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another are neurotransmitters.
|
|
|
Norepinephrine
|
Norepinephrine refers to a neurotransmitter released from the axons of some nerve fibers.
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
A cellular organelle that is enclosed by a double-layered, porous membrane and contains DNA is a nucleus.
|
|
|
Nutrient
|
A chemical substance that must be supplied to the body from the environment is called a nutrient.
|
|
|
Nutrients
|
Nutrients refer to chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building.
|
|
|
Organ
|
Organ refers to a structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a specialized function.
|
|
|
Organelle
|
Organelle refers to any structure within a cell that carries out one of its metabolic roles, such as mitochondria, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus.
|
|
|
Organelles
|
A compartment, particle, or filament that performs specialized functions within a cell are referred to as organelles.
|
|
|
Organization
|
The structure discovered or imposed upon a set of items that is used to guide memory performance is an organization.
|
|
|
Origin
|
Origin refers to end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part.
|
|
|
Osteoporosis
|
Osteoporosis refers to a condition in which bones break easily because calcium is removed from them faster than it is replaced.
|
|
|
Overuse injuries
|
Overuse injuries refers to injuries that result from the cumulative effects of day-after-day stresses placed on tendons, muscles, and joints.
|
|
|
Oxidation
|
Process by which oxygen is combined with another chemical is called oxidation.
|
|
|
Oxidize
|
Oxidize refers to in the most basic sense, this means a chemical substance has either lost an electron or gained an oxygen. This change typically alters the shape and/or function of the substance.
|
|
|
Oxygen debt
|
The amount of oxygen that must be supplied following physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose is called an oxygen debt.
|
|
|
Pacemaker
|
Mass of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that controls the rhythm of the heartbeat is referred to as a pacemaker.
|
|
|
Pain
|
The sensation that warns us that damage to our bodies is occurring is referred to as pain.
|
|
|
Pancreas
|
Pancreas refers to glandular organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes hormones and digestive enzymes.
|
|
|
Pathway
|
A metabolic progression of individual steps from starting materials to ending products is referred to as pathway.
|
|
|
Pelvic
|
Pelvic refers to pertaining to the pelvis.
|
|
|
Penis
|
Penis refers to an external reproductive organ of the male through which the urethra passes.
|
|
|
Perichondrium
|
Layer of fibrous connective tissue that encloses cartilaginous structures is a perichondrium.
|
|
|
Perimysium
|
Sheath of connective tissue that encloses a bundle of striated muscle fibers is referred to as perimysium.
|
|
|
Periosteum
|
Covering of fibrous connective tissue on the surface of a bone is called periosteum.
|
|
|
Peristalsis
|
Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the walls of certain tubular organs are called peristalsis.
|
|
|
Permeability
|
Permeability refers to that property of membranes that permits passage of molecules and ions.
|
|
|
Permeable
|
Open to passage or penetration is called permeable.
|
|
|
Personality
|
Personality refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiates a person, the patterns of behaviors that make each individual unique.
|
|
|
Phosphorylation
|
Phosphorylation refers to a metabolic process that adds a phosphate to an organic molecule.
|
|
|
Physical activity
|
In simplest terms, physical activity is moving about.
|
|
|
Physiology
|
The branch of science that studies body functions is referred to as physiology.
|
|
|
Plane
|
A flat surface is a plane. An imaginary surface formed by extension through any axis or two points.
|
|
|
Plasma membrane
|
The unit membrane that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell is the plasma membrane.
|
|
|
Polarized
|
Polarized refers to a state of a plasma membrane of an unstimulated neuron or muscle cell in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in comparison to the outside
|
|
|
Polypeptide
|
Polypeptide refers to a compound formed by the union of many amino acid molecules.
|
|
|
Posterior
|
Toward the back is called posterior.
|
|
|
Potential
|
A difference in electrical charge from one point to another, especially on opposite sides of a plasma membrane is called potential.
|
|
|
Potential difference
|
Difference in electrical potential, measured as the charge difference across the plasma membrane, is referred to as the potential difference.
|
|
|
Potential energy
|
Energy in a chemical bond that is not being exerted or used to do work is potential energy.
|
|
|
Power
|
Power refers to the inverse of the probability of making a Type II error
|
|
|
Pregnancy
|
The condition in which a female has a developing offspring in her uterus is called pregnancy.
|
|
|
Pressure
|
Pressure refers to expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.
|
|
|
Prevention
|
Primary prevention comprises efforts in community psychology to reduce the incidence of new cases of psychological disorder by such means as altering stressful living conditions and genetic counseling is prevention.
|
|
|
Prime mover
|
Muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular body movement is a prime mover.
|
|
|
Process
|
Process refers to projection on a bone.
|
|
|
Product
|
Something produced as the result of a chemical reaction is referred to as a product.
|
|
|
Proliferation
|
The process of nerve-cell division by mitosis is proliferation.
|
|
|
Protein
|
Nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of joined amino acid molecules is referred to as protein.
|
|
|
Proteins
|
Proteins refers to the essential constituents of nearly all body cells
|
|
|
Proximal
|
Closer to the midline or origin is referred to as proximal.
|
|
|
Puberty
|
Puberty refers to a stage of development in which the reproductive organs become functional.
|
|
|
Pulse
|
The surge of blood felt through the walls of arteries due to the contraction of the ventricles of the heart is the pulse.
|
|
|
Pupil
|
Opening in the iris through which light enters the eye is a pupil.
|
|
|
Pyruvic acid
|
Pyruvic acid refers to an intermediate product of carbohydrate oxidation.
|
|
|
Radiation
|
A form of energy that includes visible light, ultraviolet light, and X rays is referred to as radiation.
|
|
|
Receptor
|
Receptor refers to a structure, usually protein, at the distal end of a sensory dendrite that can be stimulated.
|
|
|
Receptor sites
|
Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones are called receptor sites.
|
|
|
Receptors
|
Protein molecules on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters are called receptors.
|
|
|
Recessive
|
In genetics, a gene that may not be expressed because of suppression by a contrasting dominant gene is referred to as recessive.
|
|
|
Recovery
|
The final step in drug treatment, following abstention, initial abstinence, and long-term abstinence in which clients have changed their style of living and have overcome their major physical and mental dependence on psychoactive drugs or addictive behavior is recovery.
|
|
|
Recruitment
|
Increase in the number of motor units activated as intensity of stimulation increases is referred to as recruitment.
|
|
|
Rectum
|
The terminal end of the digestive tube between the sigmoid colon and the anus is called the rectum.
|
|
|
Red blood cell
|
A disc-shaped cell, lacking a nucleus that is packed with the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin is a red blood cell.
|
|
|
Reduction
|
Reduction refers to a chemical reaction in which electrons are gained.
|
|
|
Reflexes
|
Reflexes refers to automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli.
|
|
|
Refractory period
|
Time period following stimulation during which a neuron or muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus is called refractory period.
|
|
|
Regeneration
|
Regeneration refers to the replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue of the original type. Compare with with fibrosis.
|
|
|
Regulation
|
Regulation refers to the act of enforcing policies, rules, or laws. Reinforcing factor Any reward or punishment following or anticipated as a consequence of a behavior, serving to strengthen the motivation for or against the behavior.
|
|
|
Reinforce
|
To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response is called reinforce.
|
|
|
Repolarization
|
Returning the cell membrane potential to resting potential is referred to as repolarization.
|
|
|
Reproductive system
|
An organ system specialized for the production of offspring is referred to as a reproductive system.
|
|
|
Requirement
|
Requirement refers to the amount of a nutrient required by one person to maintain health. This varies between individuals. We do not know our individual requirements for each nutrient.
|
|
|
Resistance exercise
|
Resistance exercise refers to a physical exercise such as weight lifting that promotes muscle strength more than it promotes cardiopulmonary efficiency, endurance, or fatigue resistance. Compare with endurance exercise.
|
|
|
Respiration
|
Cellular process that releases energy from nutrients is called respiration.
|
|
|
Respiratory center
|
Respiratory center refers to a portion of the brain stem that controls the depth and rate of breathing.
|
|
|
Respiratory system
|
An organ system specialized for the intake of air and exchange of gases with the blood, consisting of the lungs and the air passages from the nose to the bronchi is referred to as the respiratory system.
|
|
|
Response
|
Response refers to the action resulting from a stimulus.
|
|
|
Resting membrane potential
|
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane is called resting membrane potential.
|
|
|
Resting potential
|
The electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons is referred to as resting potential.
|
|
|
Resting state
|
Resting state refers to the state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about 270 millivolts within the neuron.
|
|
|
Reticular
|
Relating to a fine network of cells or collagen fibers is called reticular.
|
|
|
Rigor mortis
|
Increased rigidity of muscle after death due to cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin as calcium ions leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is called rigor mortis.
|
|
|
Risk factors
|
Variables such as ethnicity and social class that are associated with the likelihood of problems but do not directly cause problems are called risk factors.
|
|
|
Rote
|
Rote refers to mechanical associative learning that is based on repetition.
|
|
|
Sarcolemma
|
Sarcolemma refers to the cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
|
|
|
Sarcomere
|
The structural and functional unit of a myofibril is called a sarcomere.
|
|
|
Sarcopenia
|
Sarcopenia refers to age-related loss of muscle mass.
|
|
|
Sarcoplasm
|
The cytoplasm within a muscle fiber is called sarcoplasm.
|
|
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum refers to membranous network of channels and tubules within a muscle fiber, corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.
|
|
|
Scar
|
Scar refers to fibrous tissue replacing normal tissue.
|
|
|
Sciatic nerve
|
Sciatic nerve refers to tibial and common peroneal nerves bound together.
|
|
|
Secretion
|
Secretion refers to substance produced in and released from a gland cell.
|
|
|
Serum
|
The fluid portion of coagulated blood is serum.
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle
|
Type of muscle tissue found in muscles attached to bones is referred to as the skeletal muscle.
|
|
|
Skeletal muscles
|
Skeletal muscles refer to the muscles attached to bones, which produce externally observable movements of the body when contracted.
|
|
|
Skeletal system
|
An organ system consisting of the bones, ligaments, bone marrow, periosteum, articular cartilages, and other tissues associated with the bones is referred to as a skeletal system.
|
|
|
Sliding filament theory
|
Muscles contract when the thin and thick filaments move past each other, shortening the skeletal muscle cells is called the sliding filament theory.
|
|
|
Small intestine
|
Small intestine refers to a part of the digestive tract extending from the stomach to the cecum.
|
|
|
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum refers to portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that does not contain ribosomes. This is the site of lipid synthesis in a cell.
|
|
|
Smooth muscle
|
Type of muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow visceral organs is referred to as the smooth muscle.
|
|
|
Somatic nervous system
|
Portion of the nervous system that controls skin and skeletal muscles is referred to as the somatic nervous system.
|
|
|
Speed
|
Street name for any amphetamine or methamphetamine is referred to as speed.
|
|
|
Sphincter
|
A circular muscle that closes an opening or the lumen of a tubular structure is referred to as a sphincter.
|
|
|
Spinal cord
|
Portion of the central nervous system extending downward from the brain stem through the vertebral canal is called the spinal cord.
|
|
|
Spinal nerves
|
The 31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
|
|
|
Spindle
|
Spindle refers to an elongated structure that is thick in the middle and tapered at the ends A football-shaped complex of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.
|
|
|
Sprain
|
Ligaments reinforcing a joint that are stretched or torn is called a sprain.
|
|
|
Staircase effect
|
Staircase effect refers to a gradual increase in contractile strength of a muscle in response to repeated stimuli of the same intensity.
|
|
|
Steroid
|
A type of organic molecule including complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms is referred to as a steroid.
|
|
|
Steroids
|
Steroids refer to a group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol
|
|
|
Stimulus
|
A change in the environmental conditions that is followed by a response by an organism or cell is referred to as stimulus.
|
|
|
Stomach
|
Digestive organ located between the esophagus and the small intestine is the stomach.
|
|
|
Storage
|
Storage refers to maintenance of information over time. The second stage of information processing.
|
|
|
Strain
|
Strain refers to Mertonian anomie theory and to the many forms of response that one might have to the lack of fit between socially acceptable means and socially desirable goals.
|
|
|
Strength
|
Strength is the ability of a muscle to produce force, often represented by the one repetition maximum.
|
|
|
Stress hormones
|
Group of hormones including cortico steroids, that are involved in the body's physiological stress response is referred to as stress hormones.
|
|
|
Striated
|
Striated refers to striped.
|
|
|
Striated muscle
|
Striated muscle refers to muscles showing a striped pattern when viewed under the microscope. These stripes are due to presence and specific organization of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.
|
|
|
Stroke
|
The most common cause of damage to adult brains, arising when blockage of an artery cuts off the blood supply to a particular area of the brain or when a blood vessel bursts is referred to as stroke.
|
|
|
Structure
|
Structure refers to in developmental psychology, a substrate of the organism that develops, such as muscle, nervous tissue, or mental knowledge
|
|
|
Succession
|
The process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity is a succession.
|
|
|
Summation
|
Phenomenon in which the degree of change in membrane potential is directly proportional to the intensity of stimulation is referred to as summation.
|
|
|
Superficial
|
Superficial refers to near the surface.
|
|
|
Synaptic cleft
|
Synaptic cleft refers to a narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
|
|
|
Synaptic vesicles
|
Synaptic vesicles refer to small membranous sacs containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
|
|
|
Syncytium
|
A mass of merging cells is called syncytium.
|
|
|
Syndrome
|
A group of symptoms that characterize a disease condition is called a syndrome.
|
|
|
Synthesis
|
Synthesis refers to the process by which substances unite to form more complex substances.
|
|
|
System
|
A collection of organs that work together to perform an overall function is called a system.
|
|
|
T cells
|
T cells refers to lymphocytes produced in bone marrow, developed in the thymus gland, and operating in the cellular branch of the immune system. Some attack antigens directly while others help regulate the system.
|
|
|
T tubule
|
T tubule refers to a tubular extension of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that conducts action potentials into the sarcoplasm and excites the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
|
|
|
Tendon
|
A cordlike or bandlike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone is called a tendon.
|
|
|
Terminal cisterna
|
Terminal cisterna refers to an enlarged end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the area of the T tubules.
|
|
|
Terminals
|
Small buttons at the end of nerve cells that release neurotransmitters are terminals.
|
|
|
Testes
|
Testes refer to male reproductive glands or gonads
|
|
|
Testosterone
|
Male sex hormone secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes is testosterone.
|
|
|
Tetanic contraction
|
Tetanic contraction refers to a sustained shortening and/or production of tension within a muscle, no relaxation.
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
A state of sustained muscle contraction produced by temporal summation as a normal part of contraction is referred to as tetanus.
|
|
|
Tics
|
Involuntary, repetitive, and nonrhythmic movements or vocalizations are called tics.
|
|
|
Tissue
|
A group of similar cells that performs a specialized function is referred to as tissue.
|
|
|
Titin
|
Protein that attaches myosin filaments to z lines is titin.
|
|
|
Token
|
In operant conditioning, a secondary reinforcer that can be saved and turned in later for another reinforcer is a token.
|
|
|
Tract
|
A collection of nerve fibers in the central nervous system having the same origin, termination, and function is called a tract.
|
|
|
Transdermal
|
A method of drug delivery where a drug-laden patch is adhered to the skin so it can be absorbed through the skin is called transdermal.
|
|
|
Treatment
|
In experiments, a condition received by subjects so that its effects may be observed is referred to as treatment.
|
|
|
Treppe
|
Series of successively stronger contractions that occur when a rested muscle fiber receives closely spaced stimuli of the same strength but with a sufficient stimulus interval to allow complete relaxation of the fiber between stimuli are called treppe.
|
|
|
Triad
|
Group of three things is a triad.
|
|
|
Triggers
|
Triggers refers to any object or action that activates craving in a recovering drug user, e.g., the sight of white powder, money, a syringe, an old drug-using partner.
|
|
|
Tropomyosin
|
Protein that blocks muscle contraction until calcium ions are present is referred to as tropomyosin.
|
|
|
Troponin
|
Troponin refers to protein that functions with tropomyosin to block muscle contraction until calcium ions are present.
|
|
|
Trunk
|
Trunk refers to that part of the body excluding the head, neck, and appendages. A major blood vessel, lymphatic vessel, or nerve that gives rise to smaller branches.
|
|
|
Twitch
|
A brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation is referred to as a twitch.
|
|
|
Urethra
|
Urethra refers to tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
|
|
|
Urinary bladder
|
Urinary bladder refers to a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily.
|
|
|
Urinary system
|
An organ system specialized to filter the blood plasma, excrete waste products from it, and regulate the body's water, acid-base, and electrolyte balance is called a urinary system.
|
|
|
Urine
|
Wastes and excess water removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys into the ureters to the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra are called urine.
|
|
|
Uterine
|
Uterine refers to pertaining to the uterus.
|
|
|
Uterus
|
Hollow muscular organ within the female pelvis in which a fetus develops is a uterus.
|
|
|
Value
|
An idea about what is socially defined as good or desirable is a value.
|
|
|
Varicosities
|
Knoblike swellings containing mitochondria and synaptic vesicles are varicosities.
|
|
|
Vascular
|
Pertaining to blood vessels is referred to as vascular.
|
|
|
Veins
|
Blood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation are referred to as veins.
|
|
|
Visceral muscle
|
Single-unit smooth muscle found in the walls of blood vessels and the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts is the visceral muscle.
|
|
|
Visceral organs
|
A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity are visceral organs.
|
|
|
Vitamin
|
An organic compound other than a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein that is needed for normal metabolism but that the body cannot synthesize in adequate amounts is called a vitamin.
|
|
|
Voluntarily
|
Intentionally is called voluntarily.
|
|
|
Voluntary muscle
|
Muscle that is usually under conscious control is referred to as a voluntary muscle.
|
|
|
Water
|
Water refers to the universal solvent of life
|
|
|
White blood cells
|
White blood cells refers to one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system
|
