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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
carotid triangle
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borders- SCM, post. digastric, superior belly of oomohyoid.
contains: carotid arteries, int. jugular vein, vagus |
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submandibular triangle
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both heads of digastric, inf. border of mandible
contains salivary glands |
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submental
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digastric muscle, hyoid bone
contains muscles of floor of mouth, salivary glands, ducts. |
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muscular triangle
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SCM, sup. belly of oomohyoid, and midline of neck
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occipital triangle
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SCM, trap, omohyoid contains cervical plexus and accessory nerve
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omoclavicular (supraclavicular)
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SCM and omohyoid muscles
contains brachial plexus and subclavian art. |
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diaphragm openings:
aortic esophageal caval |
1. aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein
2. esophagus, R and L vagus 3. IVC and R phrenic nerve. |
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von ebner's gland
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assoc. with circumvallate pappilla of tongue, purely serous to rinse away food. contains taste buds along with fungiform and foliate
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tongue innervation
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post 1/3 - glossopharyngeal both taste and sensation
ant. 2/3 taste- chorda tympani via facial ant 2/3 sensation lingual nerve. |
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tongue muscles
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hypoglossal nerve all intrinsic and extrinsic excpet palatoglossus CN X vagus
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joint types
synarthroses diarthroses amphiarthroses |
syn-immovable
dia-freely movable amphi-slightly movable |
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atlanto-occipital
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YES movement
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atlanto-axial
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NO movement
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1. articular surfaces of most joints
2. articular surface of TMJ 3.non articulating surface of TMJ/joints |
1.hyaline cartilage
2.fibrocartilage 3. periosteum |
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TMJ ligaments
1. stylomandibular ligament 2. sphenomandibular lig 3.lateral or temperomandibular lig. |
1. styloid of temp. bone to angle of mandible
2. spine of sphenoid bone to lingula of mandible 3. from art. eminence to neck of condyle - prevents post, and inf. displacement of condyle |
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normal range of opening and lateral movement
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50 mm and 10 mm resp.
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endochondral ossification
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formation that involves a cartilaginous model (hyaline) first. Long and short bones. occurs along diaphysis wall and within epiphysis.
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intramembranous ossification
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grows by appositional growth - maxilla an dmandible, flat bones of skull
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diaphysis
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bone shaft, consists of durable comact bone with a medullary cavity with marrow. contains haversian systems (osteons)
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epiphysis
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caps diaphysis - spongy bone surrounding compact bone.
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tensile and compressive strength f bones
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tensile - collagenous fibers
compressive- inorganic salts Ca2+ and Ph. |
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GAGs glycosaminoglycans
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hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
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nasal cavity blood supply
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sphenopalatine branch of max. art. mainly, also ant. ethmoid branch of ophthalmic
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middle meatus drains
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frontal sinus, ant. and middle ethmoid, maxillary sinus- ostium?
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inferior meatus drains
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nasalacrimal duct
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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receives preganglionic parsym from facial via. greater petrosal nerve. sends post. parsymp to lacrimal gland and glands in nasal and palate.
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neural crest cell derivatives
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dorsal root ganglia, ganglia of the ANS, scwann (neurolemma) cells, meninges that line brain and spinal cord (ependymal cells), melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
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cartilage contains
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cells (chondroblasts and cytes), fibrous matrix, ground substance (sulfated proteoglycans (basophilc) and GAGs (absorb water to cushion) AVASCULAR
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tendon vs. ligament
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tendon- muscle to bone
ligament - bone to bone - support and strengthen joints, heal slowly |
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basement membrane
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Anchors epithelial to underlying CT. made of basal lamina (type 4 and secreted by epi cells) and reticular lamina (type 3 by fibroblasts)
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skin layers
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BSGLC - Bare skin grows like corn
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gingival fibers
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Found in free gingiva, continuous with circumferential fibers, transseptal, dentogingival, dentoperiosteal, alveolargingival
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principal PDl fibers
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connect root cementum to alveolar bone.
alveolar crest fibers, apical, horizontal, oblique, interradicular |
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rete pegs
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epithelial projections extending into gingival CT SEEN IN FREE GINGIVA
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histologically, root dentin is distinguished from crown dentin by
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tomes granular layer - organic matrix formed by odontoblasts found in radicular dentin
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pulp cell contents
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fibroblasts, odontoblasts, histiocytes (macrophages), lymphocytes.
plasma cells, PMNs, monocytes or eosinophils indicate diseased pulp. |
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types of dentin
circumpulpal mantle intratubular intertubular interglobular |
mantle- first layer formed
circumpupal - remaining dentin intratubular- w/in dentinal tubule, most highly mineralized portion of dentin intertubular- surrounds peritubular dentin less mineralized. interglobular- imperfectly calcifed |
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ductus deferens is lined with
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stereocilia and pseudostratified columnar epi
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spermatic cord contents
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Ductus deferens
testicular artery testicular vein nerves and lymph |
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stomach mucosa
parietal cells chief(zymogenic) enteroendocrine |
P-HCl
C-Pepsin E-Gastrin and serotonin |
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retroperitoneal structures
SAD PUCKER |
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC Duodenum Pancreas Ureters Colon Kidneys esophagus Rectum |
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where is B12 absorbed mainly
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ileum
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peyer's patches
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lymph nodes in Small int. that intercept and destroy bacteria
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Plicase circulares (valves of kerckring0
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in jejunum- increase SA
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pouches in large intestine
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made from tenia coli, 3 longitudinal muscles (smooth) that are shorter than LI, thus create pouches
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diff types of macrophages
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histiocytes/langerhan's cells (skin/CT0
kupffer cells (liver sinusoids) alveolar macrophages (lungs) |
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The cerebellar cortex is characterized
histologically by which of the following types of cells? |
purkinje
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If the spinal tract of the fifth cranial nerve were
sectioned at the level of the caudal medulla, which of the following modalities would be most affected? |
pain from ipsilateral face
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The junction between primary and secondary
dentin is characterized by a |
sharp change in direction of dentinal
tubules. |
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The postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the
vessels of the submandibular salivary gland arise from cells in the |
superior cervical ganglion
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The number of roots that are formed is
determined by the |
number of medial ingrowths of the
cervical loop. |
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In a routine demineralized histologic section
of an adult tooth, the area representing enamel is generally optically clear because |
enamel is very poor in organic matrix.
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The posterior cervical triangle is bounded partly by
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trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
muscles. |
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The middle constrictor muscle of the pharynx
originates from the |
hyoid bone
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The lateral boundary of the retropharyngeal
space at the level of the oropharynx is the |
carotid sheath
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In the fetus, blood enters>the common carotid
arteries by means of the |
aorta
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Which of the lymphoid tissues in the body are
considered subepithelial and nonencapsulated? |
Peyer's patches and pharyngeal tonsils
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Second, third and fourth right posterior
intercostal veins drain from the right superior intercostal vein into the |
azygos vein.
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At a muscle-tendon jundion, the union is
made by |
a continuity of connedive tissue sheaths
of the muscle with those of the tendon. |
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In the sulcular epithelium, small spaces
between cells in the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer) are normally filled by |
small amount of tissue fluid
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Cells of the stratum granulosum of thick
stratified squamous epithelium characteristically contain |
keratohyalin granules,
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Lateral clefting of the lip results from the
failure of merging of |
maxillary and medial nasal processes.
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Tropocollagen is a protein molecule found in
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collagen and reticular fibers only.
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Which of the followingare mobilized when a
cell produces an excessiveamount of protein? |
lysosomes
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Most intrinsic muscles of the larynx receive
their motor innervation from |
he inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve.
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During intraoral injection to the mandibular
foramen, the needle passes through the mucous membrane and the buccinator muscle and lies |
lateral to the medial pterygoid muscle
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Cell bodies of taste fibers from the anterior
two-thirds of the tongue are located in which of the following ganglia? |
geniculate
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The optic tracts consist of axons from which of
the following cells? |
ganglion
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The large mass of gray matter that bulges into
the floor and the lateral aspect of the lateral ventricle is the |
caudate nucleus
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The large ascending bundle of fibers in the
medulla that is composed of second order neuron fibers conveying proprioception and discriminatory touch sensations to conscious levels is the" |
medial lemniscus
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Which of the following forms of connective
tissues has a preponderance of amorphous ground substance over fibers? |
cartilage
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In salivary glands, folds of the basal portion of
the cell membrane containing mitochondria are characteristic of the |
cells of the striated duct
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The lamina papyracea is located in the orbital
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medial wall
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Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct causes
enlargement of the |
lateral and 3rd ventricle
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Which of the following muscles or muscle
fibers are elevators of the mandible? |
Medial pterygoid muscle'
Anterior fibers of the temporal muscle Posterior fibers of the temporal muscle |
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Which of the following strudures may be
found in the infratemporal fossa? |
Sphenomandibular ligament
Medial pterygoid muscle Middle meningeal artery |
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structures related to cavernous sinus
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passing thru: Int. carotid art and abducens (VI)
in lateral wall: CN III, IV, V1 and V2 communicates with: pterygoid plexus (via facial vein), ophthalmic vein, max? |
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muscles that close palate
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palatoglossus
levator veli palatini tensor veli palatini palatopharygeus uvula |
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swallowing center located...
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nucleus ambiguous in medulla oblongata, sends SVE to swallowing muscles
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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greater petrosal nerve
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parasymp ganglion and effectors
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a. Ciliary ganglion: Pupil sphincter, ciliary muscle (accommodation reflex).
b. Pterygopalatine ganglion: Lacrimal and nasal glands. c. Submandibular ganglion: Submandibular and sublingual glands. d. Otic ganglion: Parotid gland. |
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submandibular ganglion
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chorda tympani and lingual nerve
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otic ganglion
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lesser petrosal n.
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ciliary ganglion
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oculomotor?
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rotator cuff muscles
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SITS
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis |
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aspiration most likey occurs in?
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right lobe of lung, straighter, shorter and larger
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where to best hear valves
1.pulmonary 2.aortic 3.tricuspid 4.mitral |
1. left sternal border, 2nd intercoastal space
2. right sternal border, 2nd int. space 3. left sternal border, 5th 4.5th int. space, midclavicular line. |
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verticle ridge in right atrium where SA node is located
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crista terminalis, also in RA - pectinate muscles
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Muscles in Right ventricle
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Trabeculae carnae
Chordae tendinae- from valve cusps to papillar muscles, prevent valve from everting into atria |
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all veins drain into coronary sinus except
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anterior cardiac v.
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thymus is derived from what embryonic tissue
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mesenchyme and ectoderm (3rd pharygneal pouch)
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levels of aorta
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Arch- ~T3-4
Desc. thoracic-T4-T12 Desc. Abdominal- T12-L4 L4-divides into L and R common iliac |
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left superior intercoastal v. drains into
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brachiocephalic v.
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splanchnic nerves
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1. greater T5-9 synapse at cervicle plexus
2. lesser T10,11 at SM plexus 3. Least T12 at IM plexus |
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falciform ligament
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connects liver to anterior abdominal wall, contains ligamentum teres (umbilical vein remnent)
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adrenal cortex and medulla origin
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cortex - mesoderm
medulla- neuroectoderm, neural crest cells differentiate into medullary cells - chromaffin cells |
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parotid gland
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facial nerve, retromandibular v. and external carotid art. lie within. drained by deep cervical lymph nodes
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adenomere
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functional unit of salivary glands
1. intercalated disc 2. straited ducts- lots of mitochondria 3. glandular cells. |
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thymus
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superior mediostinum, sinc impt in function, no afferent lymphatics, double embryonic origin, mesenchyme and endoderm
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lymph nodes
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only lymphatics with numerous afferent vessels. spleen, thymus, palatine, and pharyngeal tonsils don't
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optic tract
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synapse within the lateral geniculate ganglion nuclei of thalamus
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auriculotemporal nerve
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sensory to TMJ, receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers from otic ganglion to parotid, referred pain there. TMJ also supplied by massteric nerve, and very slightly by deep temporal nerve/
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1.mesencephalic nucleus of V and 2.spinal nucleus
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2 nuclei assoc with trigeminal.
1.PDL proprioreception info here, runs with V3 to innervate muscle of mastication 2. mediate pain and temp for head and neck |
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suprahyoid muscles
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digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid.
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infrahyoid
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sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid. all inn by ansa cervicalis C1,C2, C3
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glossopharyngeal muscle inn.
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stylopharyngeal. landmark for finding nerve.
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cardiac veins
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coronary sinus, accompanied by anterior interventricular artery. small and middle are tributaries. anterior vein directly into right atrium
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mitral valve
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auscultation best heard over apex of heart, btwn nipples, left 5th intercoastal space.
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pulmonary valve and AV
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pulmonary best heard over left 2nd intercoastal space, AV right 2nd intercoastal
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terminal branches of internal thoracic art.
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superior epigastric and muscolphrenic(diaphragm and lower intercoastal spaces)
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lenticulostriate arteries
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off middle cerebral, arteries of stroke!
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sphenopalatine artery
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terminal branch of maxillary art, damage causes epistaxis, principal artery of nasal cavity
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ciliary movement
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seen in respiratory airways and inside surfaces of uterine tubes of female reproductive tract. whiplike movement
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microvillli
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increase SA, more efficient absorption. mucosa of small intestine, and brush borders of nephrons in the kidney.
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mast cell
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IgE attached causes release of histamine, bradykinin, SRS-A, Heparin, lysosomal enzymes.
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enamel
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contains - hydroxyapatite, amelogins, ameloblastins, tuftelins, enamelin proteins, osteonectins, hyaluronate.
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retropharyngeal space
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anterior border- buccopharyngeal fascia
posterior- alar fascia superior-skull base inferior- superior mediostinum laterally- carotid sheath. |
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incisive canal
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sphenopalatine art. and nasopalatine nerve.
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pregnolone
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involved in all steroid formation, from cholesterol, removal of 6 carbon.
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insulin influences glucose uptake in what organs
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muscle and fat, NOT liver
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tetrahydrofolic acid
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coenzyme form of folic acid required for nucleic acid synthesis, normal cell division and replication.
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calmodulin
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calcium binding protein in smooth muscle, binds myosin, initiates contraction by activating myosin kinase.
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synthesis of porphyrin
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succinyl CoA and glycine are condensed in a rate-limiting step in liver
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aspartic acid and phenylalanine
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aspartame is a peptide derative of these
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what participates in both FA synthesis and B-oxidation of FA
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Acetyl CoA
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coenzymes involved in metabolism of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
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thiamin pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, FAD, NAD, coenzyme A
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collagen types
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I-high tensile strength, found in skin, tendon, bone, and dentin.
II-fibril forming collagens in cartilaginous structures, II-distensible, large blood vessels IV-basement membranes. |
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monoamine oxidase
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presynaptic nerve terminals, degrades dopamine, norepi, and epi to inactvie substances
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from bronchioles to alveoli
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transition from pseudostratified ciliated eip to simple cuboidal epi
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pulmonary arteries
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follow branching of bronchi
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communication between pterygopalatine fossa and nasal cavitiy
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sphenopalatine foramen, sphenopalatine artery and nasopalatine nerve run thru it
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pterygopalatine fossa
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communicates with infratemporal fossa laterally (pterygomaxillary fissure), nasal cavity medially (sphenopalatine foramen), skull superiorly (foramen rotundum), orbit anteriorly (inferior orbit fissure)
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barr body
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inactivated x chromosome, sex of embryo can be determined around 8 weeks thru this.
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plasma cell
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contains extensive golgi apparatus, 5-10 day life, basophil,
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feulgen reaction
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distinguish RNA from DNA
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histo change from esophagus to stomach
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stratified squamous to simple columnar
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anterior cranial cavity
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1. foramen caecum - emissary vein to superior sagittal sinus
2.foramina of cribriform plate - olfactory nerve bundles 3.posterior ethmoidal foramen - posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve |
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middle cranial cavity
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1.optic canal - optic nerve (II), ophthalmic artery
• 2.superior orbital fissure 3.foramen rotundum - maxillary nerve (V2) • 4.foramen ovale 5.foramen spinosum 6.foramen lacerum |
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posterior cranial cavity
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1.internal acoustic meatus
2.jugular foramen • 3.hypoglossal canal - hypoglossal nerve (XII) • 4.foramen magnum |
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bullous pemphigoid
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disorder - junctions that anchor the basal cells of epithelia to underlying basal lamina are targeted = hemidesmosomes
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plexus of raschkow
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location of pain receptors - free nerve endings in pulp
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abductor of vocal cords
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posterior cricothyroid;; lateral cricothyroid, oblique and transverse arytenoids, and thyroartenoid are all adductors
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maxillary nerve
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braches from trigeminal ganglion, exits thru foramen rutondum, travels to pterygopalatine ganglion and terminates as the infraorbital and zygomatic nerves
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axilla wall
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anterior-pectoralis muscles
lateral thoracic wall (medial)- serratus anterior posterior - latissumus dorsi |
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cytochrome P450
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detoxification - smooth ER
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hassalls corpsules
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found in medulla of thymus, epithelial cells with keratohyaline granules
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