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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the three components of the sternum?
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manubrium
body xiphoid process |
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what is the sternal angle?
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angle of Louis
angle between manubrium and body of sternum |
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with what does the sternum articulate?
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clavicle (sternoclavicular joint)
7 ribs |
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what allows the clavicle to hold the scapula away from the trunk?
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coracoclavicular ligament
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what prevents superior dislocation of the humerus?
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the acromion and coracoacromial ligament
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what is the name for the part of the scapula that articulates with the humerus?
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glenoid cavity
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which of the bones of the forearm is larger at the elbow?
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ulna
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which of the bones of the forearm is larger at the wrist?
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radius
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what forms the anterior wall of the axilla?
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mammary gland
pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius muscle |
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what forms the posterior wall of the axilla?
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scapula
subscapularis teres major latissimus dorsi |
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what forms the medial wall of the axilla?
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ribs 2-6
serratus anterior muscle |
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what forms the lateral wall of the axilla?
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intertubercular sulcus
tendon of long head of biceps brachii |
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what forms the base of the axilla?
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skin and fascia of the armpit
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what is the apex of the axilla?
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triangular space, bounded by clavicle, upper border of scapula, and rib 1
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what are the attachments of the pectoralis major muscle?
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clavicle (clavicular head)
sternum (sternal head) lateral lip of bicipital groove |
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what are the actions of the pectoralis major?
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adducts humerus
medially rotates humerus flexes humerus |
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what innervates the pectoralis major muscle?
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medial pectoral nerve
lateral pectoral nerve |
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what are the attachments of the pectoralis minor muscle?
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ribs 2-6 (usually 3-5)
coracoid process of scapula |
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what are the actions of the pectoralis minor?
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protracts the scapula
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what innervates the pectoralis minor muscle?
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medial pectoral nerve
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what forms the borders of the deltopectoral triangle?
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pectoralis major (inferior)
deltoid (superolateral) clavicle (superomedial) |
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what is transmitted through the deltopectoral triangle?
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cephalic vein
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through what does the cephalic vein pierce to join with the axillary vein?
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deltopectoral triangle
costocoracoid membrane |
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into what vein does the cephalic vein drain?
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axillary vein
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of what fascia is the costocoracoid membrane a part?
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clavipectoral fascia
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what is enclosed within the clavipectoral fascia?
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subclavius muscle
pectoralis minor muscle |
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what does the clavipectoral fascia become below the pectoralis minor?
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suspensory ligament
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to what does the suspensory ligament of the clavipectoral fascia attach?
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base of the axilla
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what produces the axillary fossa?
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suspensory ligament from the clavipectoral fascia
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what forms the borders of the medial triangular space?
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subscapularis (superomedial)
teres major (inferior) long head of triceps brachii (superolateral) |
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what forms the borders of the lateral quadrangular space?
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surgical neck of the humerus (superolateral)
subscapularis (superomedial) teres major (inferolateral) long head of triceps brachii (inferomedial) |
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what are the attachments of the serratus anterior?
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ribs 1-8
medial border of scapula |
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what are the actions of the serratus anterior?
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protracts scapula
assists in rotation of scapula |
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what innervates the serratus anterior?
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long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)
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what causes winged scapula?
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lesion of long thoracic nerve and paralysis of serratus anterior muscle
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when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
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inferior border of rib 1
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when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
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lower border of teres major muscle
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with what fascia is the axillary sheath continuous?
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prevertebral fascia of the neck
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what are the attachments of the subclavius muscle?
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costochondral junction of rib 1
subclavian groove |
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what are the actions of the subclavius muscle?
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stabilizes clavicle during movements of distal portions of upper limb
prevents subclavian artery from being compressed between clavicle and rib 1 |
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what innervates the subclavius muscle?
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nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)
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what are the branches (from proximal to distal) of the axillary artery?
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supreme thoracic artery
thoracoacromial artery lateral thoracic artery subscapular artery posterior humeral circumflex artery anterior humeral circumflex artery |
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what branches from the first part of the axillary artery?
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1st part is between rib 1 and pec minor
supreme thoracic artery |
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what branches from the second part of the axillary artery?
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2nd part is posterior to the pec minor
thoracoacromial artery lateral thoracic artery |
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what branches from the third part of the axillary artery?
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3rd part is between pec minor and lower border of teres major
subscapular artery posterior humeral circumflex artery anterior humeral circumflex artery |
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why is only the first part of the axillary vein enclosed in the axillary sheath?
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so that the remaining part can expand
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in relation to the axillary artery, where does the axillary vein lie?
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medial to the axillary artery
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what is the continuation of the basilic vein?
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axillary vein
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where does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein?
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at the level of rib 1
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what veins from brachial and axillary arteries join the axillary vein?
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venae comitantes
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for what is a subclavian venipuncture performed?
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central venous access
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what is punctured in subclavian venipuncture?
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terminal part of the axillary vein
(medial to rib 1) |
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where is the cephalic vein located?
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superficially on the lateral side of the arm
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where is the basilic vein located?
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superficial on the medial side of the arm
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what is the order of organization of the brachial plexus?
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Remember To Drink Cold Beer
Rami Trunks Divisions Cords Branches |
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how many rami are in the brachial plexus? where are they located?
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5 ventral nerve rami
located in the neck |
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how many trunks are in the brachial plexus? where are they located?
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3 trunks
upper (C5, C6) middle (C7) lower (C8, T1) located in the neck |
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how many divisions are in the brachial plexus? where are they located?
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6 divisions (3 anterior and 3 posterior)
posterior to the clavicle |
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how many cords are in the brachial plexus? where are they located?
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3 cords (lateral, posterior, medial)
posterior to pectoralis minor |
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how many terminal branches come from the brachial plexus? where are they located?
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6 terminal branches
distal to the pectoralis minor |
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from what is the posterior cord of the brachial plexus formed?
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posterior divisions from all three trunks
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from what is the lateral cord formed?
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anterior divisions from superior and middle trunk
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from what is the medial cord formed?
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continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk
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which branches of the brachial plexus are supraclavicular?
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dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
nerve to subclavius (C5, C6) long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7) suprascapular nerve (C5, C6) |
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what branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus are infraclavicular?
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lateral pectoral nerve
musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7) lateral head of median nerve |
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what branches from the medial cord of the brachial plexus are infraclavicular?
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medial pectoral nerve
medial head of median nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1) ulnar nerve (C7, C8, T1) medial brachial cutaneous nerve medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve |
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what branches from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus are infraclavicular?
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upper subscapular nerve
lower subscapular nerve thoracodorsal nerve axillary nerve (C5, C6) radial nerve (C5-T1) |
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which root of a typical spinal nerve carries efferent fibers?
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ventral root
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which root of a typical spinal nerve carries afferent fibers?
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dorsal root
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what type of fibers are carried in spinal nerves?
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afferent fibers
efferent fibers |
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what are the divisions of a spinal nerve?
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dorsal ramus
ventral ramus |
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what is innervated by a dorsal ramus?
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muscles acting on spinal column and overlying skin
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what is innervated by a ventral ramus?
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muscles and skin of anterior 3/4 of body wall
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in what fascia does the mammary gland lie?
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superficial pectoral fascia
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where does the mammary gland extend (vertical and horizontal limits)?
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ribs 2-6
side of sternum to midaxillary line |
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what connects the glandular tissue of the breast to the skin?
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suspensory ligaments (of Cooper)
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what causes drooping of breasts?
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atrophy of suspensory ligaments of Cooper
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what causes dimpling of breasts?
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contraction of suspensory ligaments of Cooper from fibrosis around a carcinoma
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what is polymastia?
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supernumerary breasts
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what is polythelia?
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accessory nipples
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where do polymastia and polythelia occur?
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along the embryonic mammary ridge
(the milk line) |
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what is amastia?
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absence of a breast
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what innervates the mammary gland?
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intercostal nerves 2-6 via lateral and anterior cutaneous branches
sympathetic: innervation via intercostal nerves or vessels |
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what vascularizes the mammary gland?
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2-3 branches of the internal thoracic artery (internal mammary artery)
2 branches from lateral thoracic artery small branches from intercostal arteries pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery |
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where do main lymph vessels of the mammary gland converge?
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converge on the nipple
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where do the lymph vessels from the superficial portion of the breast drain?
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subareolar plexus
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where do the lymph vessels from the deep portion of the breast drain?
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submammary plexus
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what are the clusters of axillary lymph nodes?
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apical nodes
central nodes lateral (brachial or humeral) nodes pectoral nodes (anterior) subscapular nodes (posterior) deltopectoral nodes (infraclavicular) |
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where are the low nodes of the axillary region?
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below the level of the pectoralis minor
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where are middle nodes of the axillary region?
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deep to the level of the pectoralis minor
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where are the upper (apical) nodes of the axillary region?
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between the upper border of pectoralis minor and lower border of clavicle
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where are Rotter's nodes?
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between pectoralis minor and pectoralis major
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what is peau d'orange sign?
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skin of the breast resembles the skin of an orange (has prominent pores due to edema of the skin)
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what muscles can be used for breast reconstruction surgery to hold the implant in place?
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latissimus dorsi flap
transverse rectus abdominal muscle (TRAM) flap |
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what is included in the nuchal area?
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parietal bones
occipital bone temporal bones |
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what is the inion?
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external occipital protuberance
(bony prominence in the center of the superior nuchal line) |
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what is the external occipital crest?
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median nuchal line
(prominent bony line down the median line of the occipital bone to the foramen magnum) |
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what is on the posterior aspect of C1?
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posterior tubercle
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what is another name for C1?
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atlas
|
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which vertebrae have bifid spines?
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C2-C6
|
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which vertebra is the vertebra prominens?
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C7
(though it has a less prominent spinous process than T1) |
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which vertebral spines are palpable?
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C6 to L5
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what is another name for C2?
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axis
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what is another name for the ligamentum nuchae?
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supraspinal ligament
|
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to what does the supraspinal ligament (ligamentum nuchae) attach?
|
cervical spines
inion external occipital crest |
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what are the two sufaces of the scapula?
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costal (ventral)
dorsal |
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what are the three borders of the scapula?
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superior
medial (vertebral) lateral (axillary) |
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what are the three angles of the scapula?
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superior
inferior lateral |
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what are the two processes of the scapula?
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coracoid process
spine of scapula |
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what are the 3 fossae of the scapula?
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supraspinous
infraspinous subscapular |
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at what structure do the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae communicate?
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spinoglenoid notch
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what closes off the suprascapular notch superiorly?
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transverse scapular (suprascapular) ligament
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what passes inferior to the suprascapular ligament?
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suprascapular nerve (for protection)
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what passes superior to the suprascapular ligament?
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suprascapular artery and vein
(able to expand with increased blood volume) |
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where is the iliocostalis muscle attached to the ribs?
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at the angles of each of the ribs
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what is the inferior attachment of the erector spinae (sacrospinalis) muscles?
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iliac crest
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what is a dermatome?
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the area of skin supplied by sensory terminal branches of both dorsal and ventral rami of a single dorsal nerve root
|
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into what does the dorsal ramus of the typical spinal nerve divide?
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medial branch
lateral branch (both supply muscles and then one or the other becomes cutaneous for the back) |
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where do medial branches of the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve become cutaneous?
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above the mid-thoracic region (T1-T9)
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where do the lateral branches of the dorsal rami of spinal nerves become cutaneous for the back?
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below mid thoracic region (T10 down)
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what is the longus dorsal ramus?
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cutaneous (lateral) branch of T12
(extends to shoulder area) |
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what muscles compose the superficial muscles of the back?
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latissimus dorsi
trapezius levator scapulae rhomboidei (major and minor) |
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what is the function of superficial muscles of the back?
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act on upper limb
|
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what are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi?
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thoracolumbar fascia of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar and all sacral spines
outer lip of iliac crest ribs 9-12 floor of bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus) |
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what innervates the latissimus dorsi?
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thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
|
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from where does the thoracodorsal nerve branch?
|
posterior cord of the brachial plexus
|
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what are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?
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extends humerus
adducts humerus medially rotates humerus |
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what are the attachments of the trapezius?
|
skull
all spines of cervical vertebrae (ligamentum nuchae) all spines of thoracic vertebrae lateral 1/3 of clavicle acromion crest of spine of scapula tubercle on inferior lip of crest of spine of scapula |
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what innervates the trapezius?
|
motor = accessory nerve (CN XI)
sensory = C3, C4 ventral rami |
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what are the actions of the trapezius?
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adducts scapula (elevates shoulder)
suspensory muscle of shoulder girdle inferior fibers assist superior fibers in rotation of scapula |
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what are the attachments of the levator scapulae?
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posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
medial border of scapula |
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what innervates the levator scapulae?
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C3, C4, (C5)
|
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what are the actions of the levator scapulae?
|
elevates scapula
|
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what are the attachments of the rhomboid major?
|
spinous processes of T1-T5
medial border of scapula rhomboid major is inferior to rhomboid minor |
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what are the attachments of the rhomboid minor?
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nuchal ligament
spinous process of C7-T1 medial border of scapula rhomboid minor is superior to rhomboid major |
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what innervates the rhomboidei (both major and minor)?
|
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
|
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what forms the borders of the triangle of auscultation?
|
lat-scap-trap
vertebral (medial) border of scapula (superolaterally) superior border of latissimus dorsi (inferiorly) lateral border of trapezius (superomedially) |
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what is covered by the triangle of auscultation?
|
6th intercostal space (btwn 6 & 7)
rib 7 |
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what visceral structure is deep to the triangle of auscultation on the left side?
|
cardiac orifice of the stomach
|
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what forms the borders of the lumbar triangle?
|
posterior border of external oblique (laterally)
latissimus dorsi (medially) iliac crest (inferiorly) floor = internal obliques |
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what is the clinical significance of the lumbar triangle?
|
site of herniations
|