Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are Elements?
|
They are fundamental substances composed of atoms that have the same atomic #.
|
|
|
Name the T wave events.
|
1.) Ventricle repolarize
|
|
|
Name the QRS complex events.
|
1.) Purkinje excitation
2.) Ventricle Depolarization 3.) Total Depolarization 4.) Ventricles contract |
|
|
Name the P wave events.
|
1.) SA Node excitation
2.) Atrial Depolarization 3.) AV Node & AV Bundle excitation. 4.) Atria Contract |
|
|
Define Actin
|
Thin filaments are double strands of polymerized actin
|
|
|
Define Decompostion
|
Breaking down of foodstuff ect. for energy.
Called catabolic and the sum of such processes is called catabolism. |
|
|
Define Hydrogen Bonds
|
Are the result of the fact that hydrogen-nitrogen & hydroge-oxygen bonds are polar covalent bonds.
|
|
|
Define Covalent Bond
|
The strongest kind of bond where partners share one or more elctrons to complete their outer energy levels.
|
|
|
Define Ionic Bond
|
An ionic bond is formed when an element that readily gives up electrons reacts with an element that readily accepts them
|
|
|
Define myosin
|
Thick filaments are bundles of myosin monomers.
|
|
|
Name the Extrinsic eye muscles
|
1.) Lateral Rectus Muscle
2.) Medial Rectus Muscle 3.) Superior Rectus Muscle 4.) Inferior Rectus Muscle 5.) Superior Oblique Muscle 6.) Inferior Oblique Muscle |
|
|
Define Alpha Actinin
|
Attaches thin filaments to z disc and determines their spacing
|
|
|
Define Cap Z
|
Forms the z disc
|
|
|
Define Titin
|
Connects ends of thick filaments to z disc to prevent sarcomeres from falling apart; believed to be largely responsible for the series elastic properties of muscle.
|
|
|
Define Nebulin
|
Associated with thin filaments; serves as a molecular yardstick that limits the lenght of thin filaments.
|
|
|
Define Troponin
|
Ca++ binding protein attached to the thin filaments at intervals that switches tropomyosin away from actin binding sites, permitting interaction of actin & myosin
|
|
|
Define Tropomyosin
|
Liles along the thin filaments; controls myosin access to actin binding sites.
|
|
|
Name the Cranial Nerves
|
Olfactory
Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Tirgeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal |
|
|
Name the Cranial Bones
|
Frontal
Patietal Temportal Occipital Spenoid Ethmoid |
|
|
Chemically, hormones fall into 4 major categories, name them
|
1. Tyrosine derivatives
2. Peptide & proteins 3. Steroids 4. Eicosanoids |
|
|
What is glycogen?
|
It is a polysaccharide
|
|
|
What is a Diploid number?
|
46 Chromosomes
|
|
|
What synthesizes bone?
|
Osteoblasts
|
|
|
What breaks down bone?
|
Osteoclasts
|
|
|
Bone growth is affected by?
|
1. Growth hormones/Somatotropins
2. Vitamin D 3. Parathormone 4. Calcitonin 5. Sex Steroids |
|
|
Name in sequence the events of the Action Potential
|
1. Depolarization
2. Threshold exceeded 3. Spike 4. After hyperpolarization |
|
|
What confers the ability to descriminate color?
|
Cones
|
|
|
What is the portions of the cell that conducts AP's the electrical signal for long-distance communication?
|
Axon
|
|
|
What 2 factors make K+ more important the Na+ in determining resting potential?
|
1. Membrane more permeable to K+
2. Concentration gradient is higher for K+ |
|
|
The ratio of volume on intracellular fluid VS extracellular fluid is........
|
2:1`
|
|
|
Define Lactic Acid
|
*Created by Fast Twitch typeIIB
*Removed by circulation *Metabolizexd to CO2 after exercise by cardiac and Type I skeletal muscle |
|
|
Define "leg"
|
Anatomically "leg" refers to the part of the lower limb between the knee and ankle
|
|
|
Define "arm"
|
Anatomically "arm" refers to the part of the upper arm betweeen the shoulder and the elbow
|
|
|
Name the facial bones
|
Mandible
Maxilla Palatine Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Inferior nasal concha Vomer Hyoid |
|
|
Define circumduction
|
Moving a limb or finger so it describes a cone is space
|
|
|
As a child matures the sutures of the cranial bones become more and more
|
syntharotic
|
|
|
R. coronary artery
Location Serves what area? |
Branches from the aortic arch just superior to the aortic valve
R. coronary artery branches to supply R. atria & B. ventricles |
|
|
L. coronaray artery
Location Serves what area? |
Branches from the aortic arch just superior to the aortic valve
L. Coronary artery branches to supply the L. Atria and B. ventricles. |
|
|
Brachiocephalic artery
Location Serves what area? |
Branches into the R. common carotid and R. subclavian suppying neck & upper limb.
Common carotid branches into R. internal & external carotids running to superfical head and cerebrum/orbit respectively. |
|
|
L. common carotid artery
Location Serves what area? |
Braches into the L. internal & external carotids symmetrical with r. Carotid artery.
Serves the head. |
|
|
Intercostal artery
Serves what area? |
Intercostal and chest muscles
Pleural and anterior ABD wall |
|
|
Define Nucleus
|
Contains genetic material (DNA) together with molecules that affect expression of specific parts of the genetic code.
|
|
|
Define Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
|
The endoplasmic reticulum is an internal membrane system that contains proteins & lipids destined for various metabolic fates within the cell, for secretion to the exterior, or for incorporation into the plasma membrane.
|
|
|
Name all 4 of the Carotid Arteries
|
L. Common Carotid Artery
R. Common Carotid Artery R. External Carotid Artery R. Internal Carotid Artery |
|
|
Define the stucture of DNA
|
Adenine (A) Thymein (T)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) |
|
|
Define RNA
|
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) |
|
|
Nucleus of the cell contains........
|
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope chromatin nucleolus Genetic material DNA Bound with a double-bilayer membrane penetrated with port-like nuclear pores |
|
|
Descripbe Golgi apparatus
|
Are closely stacked sacs of ER that serve as a sorting station for proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to the ER. In the golgi these proteins are labeled for various destinations in the cesll
|
|
|
Define Mictochondria
|
Are rod-like structures consisting, like the nucleus, of a double-bilayer membrane. Mitochondria are the site of reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism, where the energy from oxidation metabolism, where energy for oxidation of foodstuff is applied to the sythesis of ATP, the general chemical enery source for energy requiring cellular processes.
|
|
|
Define Ribosomes
|
Are molecular machines composed of proteins and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Ribosomes sythesize proteins based on codes delivered to them in the form of messenger RNS (mRNA). Free ribosomes sythesize proteins destined to enter the cytoplasm. Ribosomes attached to the ER sythesize proteins destined to be secreted to the exterior or to be incorporated into the plasma memebrane.
|
|
|
What is the cytoskeleton?
|
It is the scaffold of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and to move. These filaments are of 3 basic forms.
1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules |
|
|
Name the parts of the cell
|
1. Plasma membrane
2. Lysosome (vesicle) 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Smooth ER 5. Basal Body 6. Flagellum 7. Centrioles 8. Microvillis 9. Mitochondion 10. Rough ER 11. Ribosomes 12. Cytoskeleton |
|
|
4 Basic Types of tissue, name them
|
Muscle
connective nervous Epithelia |
|
|
Name the stuctural types of Epithelia tissue
|
1. Simple epithelia
2. Stratified epithelia |
|
|
Give the classes of Epithelia tissue
|
1. Squamous
2. Cubodial 3. Columnar (transitional epi is found in organs that require stretch. ex. bladder) |
|
|
Name types of Connective Tissue
|
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage 3. Blood, lymphoid tissue, blood forming tissue. 4. Adipose |
|
|
Name types of Nervous Tissue
|
Neurons and Glia
|
|
|
Name types of muscle tissue
|
Cardiac
skeletal smooth |
|
|
Define organ and give example
|
Is a structure of 2 or more tissue types and carries out multiple functions EX. stomach hear & lungs
|
|
|
Name the Major organ systems
|
nervous
musculoskeltal cardiovascular respiratory digestive excretory lymphatic repro endo immune integumentary |
|
|
define epidermis & give layers
|
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that contains
1. Keratin (CHON Keratin) 2. Melanocytes (melin) 3. Immunocytes |
|
|
Define Dermis and structures within
|
The dermis is largely made up of connective tissue with abundant extracellular fibers of collagen and elastin. Structure EX.
Sebacous glands holocrine glands sudoriferous gland mammary glands |
|
|
Define osmosis
|
is diffusive movemnt of water down a water concentration gradient
|
|
|
Define diffusion
|
is movement of a substance due to the random movement of its individual particle, a concentration gradient must be present.
|
|
|
Define active transport
|
involves the exp0penditure of extran energy from the cells own energy reserve and can result in net movement of solute up hill against a concentration gradient
|
|
|
Give the membrane layers of muscle
|
1.Endomysium, wraps each individual muscle layer
2. Perimysium, bundles of fibers called fasciles are wrapped in CT called perimysium 3. Epimysium, wraps all of the fasciles together |
|
|
Define atoms
|
Basic units of all matter
|
|
|
Atoms are composed of
|
3 types of subatomic particles:
1. protons + 2. electrons - 3. neutrons (uncharged) |
|
|
Define atomic number
|
is the number of protons the atom has
|
|
|
Define Electron orbitals
|
Electron orbitals are now defined as spaces in which there is a 90% probability of finding a particular electron @ any particulat time
|
|
|
Define Atomic weight
|
is defineded as the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
|
|
|
Define Isotope
|
Are different froms of the same element having the same # of protons but DIFFERING in the # of neutrons are radioactove; unstable and undergo a decaying process
|
|
|
Define Molecules
|
are structures that result from attachment of atoms to one another by chemical bonds
|
|
|
Define compounds
|
are substances composed of molecules of the same type
|
|
|
Define chemical reactions
|
are processes that form or break chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of new compounds.
|
|
|
Define electron acceptors
|
are nearly full and acquire electrons to be stable
|
|
|
Define donors
|
are short on electron and give them away to become stable
|
|
|
Define Valence
|
Is the number of electrons an atom can accept or donate
|
|
|
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
|
Covalent Bond
|
|
|
What is the defining feature of a nonpolar covalent bond?
|
Equal sharing of electron
|
|
|
What is the defining feature of a polar covalent bond?
|
Unequal sharing of electron
|
|
|
Define dipole
|
is the term for atoms connected by a polar bond
|
|
|
Ionic bond is formed.......
|
when an element that readily gives up electrons react with an element that readily accepts them.
|
|
|
In an ionic bond the donor atom becomes..............
|
a + charged cation
|
|
|
In an ionic bond the acceptor atom becomes...............
|
a - charge anion
|
|
|
Define teleodendria
|
allow neurons to communicate with each other and effectors
|
|
|
Define dendrites
|
receive info from enviroment or other neurons, located with the axon
|
|
|
Define axon
|
is the portions of the cell that conducts the electrical signal used for long-distance communications in in NS.
|
|
|
Which reflex in the human body is monosynaptic?
|
Stretch reflex
|
|
|
What is the difference between monosynaptica and polysynaptic refexes?
|
Polysynaptic are refelxes where the refelx arc includes 1 or more interneurons.
Monosynaptic refexes contain no interneurons. |
|
|
Name the 5 major anatomical regions of the brain
|
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metemcephalon 5. Myelencephalon |
|
|
Name the two structures in the telencephalon
|
1. cerebral cortex
2. basal nuclei |
|
|
Name the two structures in the diencephalon
|
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus |
|
|
Name the structure in the mesencephalon
|
1. midbrain portions of brains stem
|
|
|
Name the two structures of the metencephalon
|
1. cerebellum
2. pons portions of the brainstem |
|
|
Name structure of the myelencephalon
|
1. medulla oblongota portion of the brain stem
|
|
|
Gray matter forms the ______ part of the spinal cord?
|
Central
|
|
|
while the spinal cord axons form the outer layer of _________
|
white matter
|
|
|
Define myelin sheath
|
a fatty substance that surrounds the dome axons that is essential for saltatory conduction.
|
|
|
What cells myelinize the cells of the CNS?
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
What cells myelinize the cells of the PNS
|
Schwann cells
|
|
|
In myeliated axons the sheath is interupted @ regular intervals leaving the axon membrane bare, the name for this is.................
|
Nodes of Ranvier
|
|
|
What is the most abundant neuron?
|
multipolar
|
|
|
what neuron is used is special senses?
|
bipolar
|
|
|
which neuron is used to convey from skin surface to cns?
|
unipolar
|
|
|
The extracellular component of bone is composed of inorganic salts mainly a form of calcium phosphate called..............
|
hydroxyapatite
|
|
|
Name 5 types of bones
|
Long bones
short bones flat bones irregular bones seasamoid (seed) |
|
|
Name 2 long bones
|
femu, tibia
|
|
|
Name 2 short bones
|
wrist, ankle
|
|
|
Name 2 flat bones
|
skull, sternum
|
|
|
Name 1 irregular shaped bone
|
vertebra
|
|
|
Name 1 seasmoid shaped bone
|
patella
|
|
|
Name the parts of long bones
|
Diaphysis shaft of bone
Metaphysis the area between end and shaft epiphysis, the end |
|
|
Give some examples of bone markings
|
Spine
crest tubercle hamulus cornu ala |
|
|
Give examples of depressions and openings in bone
|
foramen
sulcus meatus sinsus |
|
|
Name the types of cartilage
|
hyaline
fibrous elastic |
|
|
Name the parts of the axial skeleton
|
skull and vertebral column
|
|
|
Name the parts of the appendicular skeleton
|
pectoral girdle
upper extremeties pelvic girdle lower extemeties |
|
|
Define synthrotic
|
Immovable articualtion of bone
|
|
|
Define amphiarthotic
|
Slightly flexible articulation of bone
|
