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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
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examines large, visible structures
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Superficial Anatomy
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locating structures on or near the body suface
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Anatomical Position
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standing, feet together, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward
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Supine
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laying down, face up in anatomical position
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Prone
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laying down, face down in anatomical position
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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space inside skull (cranial cavity), & vertebral cavity (spinal chord)
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Ventral Body Cavity
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contains thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities (separated by diaphragm)
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molecules
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2 or more atoms joined by strong bonds
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Compounds
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2 or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
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Cytology
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Study of cells
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Histology
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study of tissues
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Levels of Organization (smallest-largest)
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1, Chemical/Molecular level
2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism |
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Homeostasis
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A stable environment, "normal" range. Continual adaptation, Extremes disrupt homeostasis
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Receptor
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Sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change
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Control Center/Integration Center
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receives & processes the info supplied by receptor, & sends out commands
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Effector
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Cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center (opposes or enhances stimulus)
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Positive Feedback
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Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the original change in conditions. Body is moved away from homeostasis. Ex.: blood clotting, labor/birth
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Negative Feedback
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The response of the effector negates the stimulus, return to homeostasis. ex. Thermoregulation
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Autoregulation/Intrinsic Regulation
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occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change
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Extrinsic Regulation
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results from the activities of the nervous & endocrine systems. (Endocrine system creates hormones)
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Symptom
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patient's perception of problems
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Sign
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physical manifestation of a disease (can be measured/observed)
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Subatomic Particles & Charges
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proton (+)
neutron (neutral) electron (-) |
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What does the nucleus contain?
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Protons & neutrons
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Define electron cloud
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electrons that travel around the nucleus at a high speed w/i a spherical area
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When are atoms inert?
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When their electron shell is full
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How many electrons can each energy level hold?
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1st level: 2 electrons
Next 2 levels: up to 8 electrons |
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Do electrons have more energy when they are closer or farther away from the nucleus?
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farther from=more energy
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Define ions
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atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge (pos., neg.)
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Define cation
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positively charged ion, electron donor
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Define anion
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negatively charged ion, electron acceptor
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Define ionic bond
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chemical bonds b/w anions & cations (electrical attraction), intermediate strength
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Define covalent bond
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sharing of pairs of electrons, strong bonds
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Define single covalent bond
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sharing of 1 pair of electrons
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Define nonpolar covalent bond
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equal sharing of electrons
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Define hydrogen bonds
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bonds b/w adjacent molecules (not atoms), slightly positive & slightly negative portions of polar molecules attracted to one another. weakest bonds.
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Define decomposition/catabolism
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breaks down chemical bonds
AB-->A+B ex. hydrolysis |
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Define synthesis/anabolism
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forms chemical bonds
A+B-->AB ex. dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) |
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Define exchange reaction
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involved decomposition, then synthesis
AB+CD-->AD+CB |
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Define inorganic compound
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molecules not based on carbon & hydrogen in combination
ex, CO (carbon monoxide), carbon dioxide, O2, H20, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride |
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What are the properties of water?
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1. solubility
2. high heat capacity 3. reactivity 4. lubrication |
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Define solution
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uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
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Define solvent
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liquid component in which molecules are dispersed
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Define solute
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dispersed substance in solution
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Define hydrophilic compounds
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interacts w/ water (water soluble)
includes ions & polar molecules ex. glucose & hormones |
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Define hydrophobic compounds
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don't react w/ water (lipid soluble): carrier molecules
includes nonpolar molecules, fats, & oils |
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Define colloid
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a solution of very large organic molecules
ex. blood plasma |
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Define suspension
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a solution in which particles settle (sediment)
ex. whole blood |
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Define concentration
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amount of solute in a solvent
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pH
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amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
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neutral pH
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pure water: 7.0
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Acidic pH
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pH lower than 7, high concentration of hydrogen ions, low concentration of hydroxyl
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Basic/Alkaline pH
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pH higher than 7, low hydrogen ion concentration, high hydroxyl concentration
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Buffers
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bring pH back towards neutral; remove or replace hydrogen ions
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Organic Molecules
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contain C, H (usually O)
covalent bonds contain functional groups that determine chemistry ex. carbs, lipids, proteins (amino acids), enzymes, nucleic acids |
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Carbohydrates
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organic compounds, contain C, H, O
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars ex. glucose, fructose, galactose
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Disaccharides
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2 sugars ex. sucrose, maltose
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Polysaccharides
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many sugars ex. glycogen, starch, cellulose
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Lipids
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organic molecules (contain H, C, O)
mainly contain hydrophobic molecules, store environmental toxins. ex. fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steriods, phospholipids, glycolipids |
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Fatty Acids
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long chains of C & H w/ a carboxyl group (COOH) at 1 end
-are relatively nonpolar except the carboxyl group -organic molecules |
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Saturated fatty acids
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saturated w/ hydrogen (no covalent bonds). usually solid fats
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Unsaturated fat
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1 or more double bonds. usually liquid fats
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Monounsaturated fat
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contains 1 double bond
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Polyunsaturated fat
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contains multiple double bonds
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Eicosanoids
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Lipids derived from arachidonic acid: organic molecules. Chemical messengers coordinating cellular activities.
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Leukotrienes
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class of eicosanoids, active in immune system
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Prostaglandins
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class of eicosanoids, short-chain fatty acids, local hormones
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Glycerides
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fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
1. energy source 2. insulation 3. protection |
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Triglycerides
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aka triacyglycerols or neutral fats. 3 fatty acid tails on glycerol
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Steroids
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4 rings of C & H w/ an assortment of functional groups. ex. cholesterol
1. structural component of plasma membranes 2. steroid hormones regulate sexual function, tissue metabolism, & mineral balance 3. digestive secretions in bile |
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Phospholipids
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diglycerides attached to a phosphate group. generally have hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails. are structural lipids, components of plasma membrane
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Glycolipids
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diglycerides attached to a sugar
generally have hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails. are structural lipids,components of plasma membrane |
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Proteins
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most abundant, important organic molecules. contain basic elements (C, H, O,N) basic building blocks: 20 amino acids
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Denaturation
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break apart proteins
factors: temp, pressure, pH |
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Hooking amino acids together
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requires dehydration synthesis of amino group of one amino acid & carboxyl group of another amino acid.
Forms a peptide bond- resulting molecule is a peptide Amino acid sequence determines protein function in the body |
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Protein shape
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primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. (fibrous/globular proteins). protein function is based on shape
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Enzymes
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are catalysts. proteins that lower activation energy of a chemical reaction & are not used up or changed in a reaction
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Properties of enzymes
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1. specificity
2. saturation limits 3. regulation by cofactors (allow enzymes to catalyze reaction) |
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Enzyme + Reactions =
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conformatial change
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Nucleic Acids
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are very large molecules, found in the nucleus, which store & process info at the molecular level
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DNA
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determines inherited characteristics & directs protein synthesis
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RNA
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controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
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Nucleotides
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strings of this make up DNA & RNA.
Can be used to store energy |
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3 molecular parts of nucleotides
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1. a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) attached to:
2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, U) |
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Complementary Base Pairs
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purines (adenine, guanine) pair w/ pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
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DNA complementary base pairs
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A+T (adenine & thymine)
C+G (cytosine & guanine) |
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RNA complementary base pairs
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U+A (uracil & adenine)
C+G (cytosine & guanine) |
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Phosphorylation
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adding a phosphate group to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) w/ a high-energy compound to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
-Inactive Enzyme + Phosphate (from ATP)=activated enzyme |
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Disease
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failure to maintain homeostatic conditions
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What may cause disease? (6 factors)
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1. pathogens that invade the body
2. inherited genetic conditions that disrupt normal physiological mechanisms 3. the loss of normal regulatory control mechanisms 4. degenerative changes in vital physiological systems 5. trauma, toxins, or other environmental hazards 6. nutritional factors |
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Isomers
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chemical compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
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Artificial sweeteners
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organic molecules that can stimulate taste buds & provide a sweet taste to foods w/o adding a substantial amount of calories to the diet
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Metabolic Anomalies
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caused by nonfunctional or missing enzymes
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Phenylketonuria
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lack the enzyme the converts the amino acid phenylalanine to the AA tyrosine; high levels of phenylalanine damage the developing nervous system
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Albinism
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genetic disorder that results in a lack of pigment in the skin; must avoid skin damage from UV radiation (sun)
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Hypercholesterolemia
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genetic disorder resulting in a reduced ability to remove cholesterol from the blood stream
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Galactosemia
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caused by the absence of the enzyme the catalyzes the reaction that converts galactose (found in milk) into glucose; high levels of galactose during childhood can cause jaundice, liver damage, cataracts.
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