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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the nervous system
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sensory output, integration, motor output
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Sensory output
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Gathering information, monitors stimuli occurring inside and outside of the body
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Integration
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To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed
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Motor output
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Response to integrated stimuli, sends signals that activate muscles and glands
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Organs of the Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord
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Function of the Central Nervous System
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Integration (command center), Interpret incoming sensory information, Issues outgoing instructions
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Sensory (afferent) division
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nerve fibers TO the brain and spinal cord
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Motor (efferent) division
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Nerve fibers that carry impulses AWAY from the central nervous system to glands and muscles (effectors)
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Two subdivisions of the motor division
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Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
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Somatic nervous system
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Voluntary system, consciously controls skeletal muscles
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Autonomic Nervous system
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Involuntary system, automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles or glands
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Subdivisions of autonomic nervous system
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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Sympathetic division
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used and activated during unusual stimuli (creates fight or flight response)
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What creates fight or flight response?
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Sympathetic division
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Parasympathetic division
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Dominates most of the time (rest and digest)
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Support cells
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Grouped together in the CNS as neuroglia
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General function of support cells
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Support, Insulate, and Protect neurons
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Astrocytes
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Abundant star-shaped cells, physical support for neuron. They control the chemical environment of the brain
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Function of astrocytes
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Allows nutrients to be carried to neurons but makes sure that neurons don't come into contact with capillaries or blood
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Microglia
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Spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris and have the ability to attack infectious disease
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Support cell of nervous tissue
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Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Satellite cells, schwann cells
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Ependymal cells
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Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, line cerebrospinal filled cavities
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Oligodendrocytes
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Wrap around axons of neurons in the central nervous system, produce myelin sheaths
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Neurons
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nerve cells
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Function of neurons
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Cells specialized to transmit messages
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Major regions of neurons
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Cell body and processes
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Cell body of neurons
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nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
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Processes of neurons
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Fibers that extend from the cell body (axons and dendrites)
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Parts of the cell body
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Nissl bodies, neurofibrils, nucleus with large nucleolus
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Nissl bodies
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specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body
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Neurofibrils
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Intermediate cytoskeleton, maintains cell shape in the cell body
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Processes outside the cell body
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Dendrites and axons
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Dendrites
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Where signals are being received, conduct impulses toward the cell body
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Axons
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Conduct impulses away from the cell body, neurons have only one axon arising from the cell body at the axon hillock
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Axon terminal
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Ends axons, contain vesicles with neurontransmitters, separated from the next neuron by a snyptic cleft
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Synaptic Cleft
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Gap between adjacent neurons
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Synapse
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Junction between nerves
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Unmyelinated sections of axons inbetween myelinated cells. Allows action potentials to jump from node to node
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Neuron cell body location
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Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central nervous system
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Grey Matter
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Contain neuron cell bodies and and unmyelinated fibers
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Nuclei
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Clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system
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White Matter
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Myelinated fibers
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Tracts
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Bundles of nerve fibers in the Central Nervous System
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands
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Interneurons (association neurons)
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Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system, connect sensory and motor neurons
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How does the CNS develop?
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Develops from embryonic neural tube which becomes the brain and spinal cord. The opening of the neural tube becomes four chambers within the brain filled with CSF
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Excilatory neurotransmitters
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Make an action potential more likely
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Make an action potential less likely
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Regions of the brain
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Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
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The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is made of what?
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Ridges (gyri),Grooves (sulci), and fissures (deep grooves)
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Surface lobes of the cerebrum
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Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe
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Wrinkled aspect of the cerebrum
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Associated with complex thought, increases surface area for more neural connections
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Specialized areas of the cerebrum
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Primary somatic sensory area, Primary motor area, Brocas area
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Primary somatic sensory area
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Receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors, located in the parietal lobe
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Primary motor area
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Sends impulses to skeletal muscles, located in frontal lobe
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Brocas area
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Involved in our ability to speak
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Homunculus
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How motor and somatic sensory areas are organized
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Cerebral areas involved in special senses
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Gustatory area (taste), visual area, auditory area, olfactory area, wernicke's area (processing language)
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Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
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Speech/language region, Language comprehension, General interpretation area
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Layers of the cerebrum
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Grey matter- outer layer, composed mostly of neuron cell bodies. White matter- fiber tracts beneath the grey matter
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Corpus callosum
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connects hemispheres of the cerebrum
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Basal nuclei
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Islands of grey matter buried within the white matter
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Fiber tracts
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Bundles of axons
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Association fibers
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"side to side" connections, connect different neurons within the same brain level
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Commisural fibers
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A specific type of association fiber that connects hemispheres
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Projection fibers
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"up and down" connections, connect areas of the brain to different areas of the brain or spinal cord
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Specialization of the right hemisphere
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Emotional processing, art, music, social functioning
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Specialization of the left hemisphere
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Analytical, math, logic
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Diecephalon location
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Sits on top of the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemisphere
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Three parts of the Diecephalon
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, Epithalamus
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Thalamus location
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Surrounds the third ventricle
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Function of thalamus
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Relay station for sensory impulses, transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
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Location of hypothalamus
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Surrounds the third ventricle
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Function of hypothalamus
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Important autonomic nervous system center: Helps regulate temp., controls water balance, regulates metabolism, Houses the limbic center for emotions, regulates pituitary gland.
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Limbic System
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Regulates emotions
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Parts of the brain stem
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Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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Epithalamus
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Forms the roof of the third ventricle, houses the pineal body, includes the choroid plexus
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Function of the brain stem
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Base line life support functions, contains many projection fibers
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Composition of Midbrain
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Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers, has two bulging fiber tracts (cerebral peduncles), has four rounded protrusions (corpa quadremina)
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Pons
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The bulging center part of the brain stem, mostly composed of fiber tracts, includes nuclei involved in control of breathing
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Medulla oblongata
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The lowest part of the brain stem, merges into the the spinal cord, includes important fiber tracts
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Medulla oblongata control centers
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Heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting
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Reticular formation composition
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Diffuse mass of grey matter along the brain stem
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Reticular formation function
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Involved in motor control of visceral organs, plays a role in awake/sleep cycles
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Cerebellum function
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Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
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Protection of central nervous system
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Scalp and skin, skull and vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
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Meninges
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Dura Mater, Arachnoid layer, Pia Mater
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Dura Mater
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Tough outermost layer of brain
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Layers of dura mater
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Periosteum and Meningeal layer
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Periosteum
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Attatched to inner surface of the skull
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Meningeal layer
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outermost cover of the brain
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Shape of dura mater
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Folds inward in several areas to create the longitudinal fissure
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Falx cerebri
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divides cerebral hemisphere
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Tentorium cerebelli
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divides cerebellar hemispheres
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Arachnoid layer
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Middle layer, web-like extensions span the subarachnoid space. Fluid filled space with webbing across the space
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Role of Arachnoid villi
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Reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid into the blood
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Pia Mater
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Internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain
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Cerebrospinal Fluid characteristics
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Similar to blood plasma composition, very watery, no cells in it.
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What forms cerebrospinal fluid?
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Formed by ependymal cells surrounding capillaries in the choroid plexus. Formed from blood
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Cerebrospinal Fluid function
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Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
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Cerebrospinal fluid location
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Circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord.
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Steps in CSF pathway of flow
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1. CSF is produced by choroid plexus.
2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the aperture and the central canal of the spinal cord 3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space 4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi |
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Blood brain barrier function
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Seperates blood from the CNS, excludes many harmful substances
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Blood brain barrier is useless against which substances?
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Fats, respiratory gasses, alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia
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Resting neuron
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The plasma membrane at rest is polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell |
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Membrane potential
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Refers to inside of the cell
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Resting membrane potential
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-70mV
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Electrical potential
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Difference in charge
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Na/K pump
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Like an engine, Must use ATP, Pumps Na+ out of the cell, and K+ into the cell
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Depolarization
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A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane,
The membrane is now permeable to sodium as sodium channels open, A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane (movement change in the positive direction) |
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Two ways to change membrane potential
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Graded potentials and action potentials
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Repolarization
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movement in the negative direction
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