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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are origin and insertion?
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origin - stationary attachment (usually proximal)
insertion - movable attachment (usually distal) |
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What is an example of a muscle that moves a body part it doesn't cover?
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biceps brachii moves the forearm
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What are examples of muscles that cross two joints?
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rectus femoris and sartorius
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What are lever, fulcrum, effort, and load?
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Lever - moves around fixed point called fulcrum
Fulcrum - fixed point on which lever moves Effort - force due to muscular contraction, used to move load Load - weight that is moved or resistance offered by an object to being moved |
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Examples of Levers and Fulcrums
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Levers - bones
Fulcrums - joints |
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What is Mechanical advantage/disadvantage?
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Advantage - large load over small distance, more for strength
Disadvantage - load to be moved over large distance, more for speed and distance motion occurs when effort > load |
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What is the Law of Levers?
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When fulcrum-effort distance > fulcrum-load distance = mechanical advantage
fulcrum-effort distance < fulcrum-load distance = mechanical disadvantage |
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What are First Class Levers and Examples?
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very few in our body
fulcrum is between effort and load (EFL) mechanical advantage/disdvantage ex. mandible at TMJ (advantage), humerus at shoulder joint (disadvantage), scissors, and seesaws, head resting on vertebral column (atlantocciptal joint) |
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What are Second Class Levers and Examples?
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FLE (fulcrum-load-effort), uncommon
always mechanical advantage because load always closer to fulcrum than effort ex. plantar flexion - F = foot, E = calcaneus, and L = body; push-ups - F = foot, E = hands, L = body's center of gravity; wheelbarrow, nut cutter produce force at cost of speed |
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What are Third Class Levers and Examples?
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FEL, most common in body
always mechanical disadvantage because effort is always closer to fulcrum produce speed at cost of force ex. elbow flexion, knee flexion |
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What are the 5 patterns of fascicles?
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Parallel - run parallel to long axis
ex. SCM, stylohyoid, sartorius Convergent/Triangular - origin broad, fascicles converge toward tendon of insertion ex. Pectoralis major Fusiform - parallel to longitundinal axis, terminate in flat tendons ex. Digastric muscle, biceps brachii Unipennate - insert into one side of tendon, ex. Digitorum longus Bipennate - fascicles insert into both sides, ex. Rectus Femoris Multipennate - insert into one large tendon from all sides, ex. Deltoid Circular - arranged in concentric rings, surround external body openings ex. Obicularis oris and oculi |
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Power vs. Range of Motion in Fascicles
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Longer fibers = greater range of motion
larger cross-sectional area = greater power |
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What are agonists and antagonists?
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agonist - prime mover responsible for action
antagonist - stretches against agonist ex. forearm flexion - biceps = agonist, trips = antagonist if agonist and antagonist contract at same time = no movement |
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What are synergists and what do they do?
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contract and stabilize the intermediate joints
aid movement of agonist and prevent unwanted movements at other joints ex. wrist extensor muscles stabilize wrist joint while flexor muscles of fingers contract as prime mover |
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What are fixators?
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stabilize origin of agonist so it acts more efficiently
ex. muscles in scapula can be agonists (deltoid) or fixators (pectoralis minor, trapezius, subclavius) |
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What is Tenosynovitis?
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inflammation of tendons, tendon sheaths, and synovial membranes surrounding certain joints
most often affected tendons: wrist shoulders elbows (tennis elbow) finger joints (trigger finger) ankles and feet caused by trauma, strain, or excessive exercise (gymnasts, typists, hairdressers, carpenters) |
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What are intramuscular injections?
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used for prompt absorption of drugs or too irritating on skin
common IM sites: gluteus medius vastus lateralis deltoid faster than oral but slower than IV |
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What are the 7 features used to name skeletal muscles?
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1. pattern of fascicles (rectus and transverse abdominis)
2. size (maximus, minimus) 3. shape (deltoid - triangular) 4. action (flexor, extensor) 5. number of origins (biceps, triceps) 6. location (brachialis) 7. sites of origin and insertion (brachioradialis) |
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What are examples of sphincters and dilators?
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sphincter - obicularis oculi (closes the eye)
dilator - levator palpebrae superioris (opens the eye) |
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What are the muscles of facial expression?
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Occipitofrontalis - raises eyebrows (wrinkles forehead in surprise look)
Orbicularis oculi - encircles the eyes, allows blinking (aids passage and drainage of tears) Orbicularis oris - encircles the mouth, moves the lips (protrudes and closes lips as in kissing) Buccinator - pucker the mouth (doesn't attach to bone) Zygomaticus - smiling muscle (cheek) Levator labii superioris - sneering (elevates and everts upper lip) Depressor anguli oris - frowning and pouting |
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What are some other functions of the Occipitofrontalis and Buccinator?
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Occipitofrontalis - wrinkles forehead like a look of surprise
has frontal belly and occipital belly both are held together by an aponeurosis named epicranial aponeurosis or gale aponeurotica Buccinator - muscle forms the major muscular portion of the cheek -compresses the cheeks during blowing actions like playing trumpet -also responsible for actions like whistling, sucking and assists in chewing |
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What are the actions of the Zygomaticus Major/Minor and Risorius?
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Zygomaticus Major - elevates and draws angle of mouth laterally and superiorly as in smiling
Zygomaticus Minor - elevates and everts upper lip, exposes maxillary teeth Risorius - retracts angle of mouth as in grimacing |
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What are the actions of Depressor Labii Inferioris, Depressor Anguli Oris, and Platysma
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Platysma - depresses and wrinkles the skin of lower face and mouth. Aids forced depression of mandible
Depressor Anguli Oris - depresses and draws angle of mouth laterally and inferiorly as in opening of mouth Depressor Labii Inferioris - depresses and draws lower lip laterally |
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What are the actions of the Corrugator supercilii and Temporalis?
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Temporalis - elevates mandible (and posterior fibers retract)
Corrugator Supercilii - wrinkles forehead vertically as in frowning |
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What are the functions of the Masseter and Mentalis?
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Mentalis - eleveates and wrinkles skin of chin and protrudes lower lip
Masseter - elevates mandible (enables forced closure of mouth), strongest muscle in mastication |
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What are some causes of Bell's Palsy?
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inflammation of facial nerve due to an ear infection
ear surgery that damages the facial nerve infection by the herpes simplex virus |
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What are the muscles of mastication?
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Medial/Lateral Pterygoid - move mandible side to side
Masseter - closure of jaw (strongest) Temporalis - closure of jaw (elevates mandible) all innervated by Trigeminal Nerve |
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What are extrinsic eye muscles and examples?
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muscles that move the eyeballs, originate outside of eyeballs and insert on outer surface of sclera
1. Superior and Inferior Recti - move eyeball superiorly and inferiorly 2. Lateral and Medial Recti - move eyeball medially and laterally 3. Superior Oblique - moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally 4. Inferior Oblique - moves eyeball superiorly and laterally four muscles arise from the tendinous ring in the orbit and insert into the sclera of the eye |
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What is the levator palpebrae superioris?
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does NOT move eyeballs
raises upper eyelids, opening the eyes acts as antagonist to orbiularis oculi, which closes the eyes |
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What are some general actions of Eye Muscles?
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Superiors - medially rotate
Inferiors - laterally rotate Obliques - abduct Recti - adduct Superior oblique - depresses Inferior Oblique - elevates |
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What is Strabismus?
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condition where two eyeballs are not properly aligned (lazy eye)
external strabismus - occulomotor nerve, inability to move eyeball medially and inferiorly internal strabismus - abducens nerve, cannot move laterally |
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What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?
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Genioglossus - depresses tongue and forward (protraction)
Styloglossus - elevates tongue and retraction Hyoglossus - depresses tongue and flattens it (draws down on both sides) Palatoglossus - raises back portion of tongue |
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What is Endotracheal intubation?
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tube is inserted from the oral cavity through the laryngopharynx into the trachea
this is done during anesthesia to prevent obstruction of airway to lungs by genioglossus muscle |
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What are the Muscles of the Anterior neck that help in swallowing and speech?
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Suprahyoid - located above hyoid bone, elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity and tongue during swallowing
infrahyoid (strap) - below hyoid, depresses hyoid bone, some move the larynx during swallowing and speech |
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What are the Suprahyoid mm?
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Stylohyoid - elevates and draws hyoid bone posteriorly (aids in swallowing)
Mylohyoid - elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible (aids in mastication and swallowing) Geniohyoid Digastric - elevates hyoid bone and larynx (aids in swallowing and speech) and depresses mandible |
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What are the Infrahyoid mm?
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Omohyoid - two bellies; depresses the hyoid bone
Sternohyoid - depresses hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage of larynx Sternothyoid - depresses thyroid cartilage of larynx Thryohyoid - depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid cartilage to roduce low and high tones during phonation |
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What are the Triangles of the neck that the SCM divides?
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Anterior - contains submental, submandibular and deep cervical lymph nodes, submandibular gland and part of parotid gland, facial artery and vein, common carotid artery and internal jugular vein and CN IX, X, XI, XII
Posterior - part of subclavian artery, external jugular vein, cervical lymph nodes, brachial plexus and CN XI |
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What are the actions of the SCM, Splenius Capitis, and Semispinalis Capitis?
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SCM - (bilaterally) flex cervical portion and head, elevate sternum during forceful inhalation, (unilaterally) rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle
Splenius Capitis - acting together, extend head; acting singly, rotate head to side opposite of contracting muscle Semispinalis Capitis - same as splenius capitis |
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What are the 4 muscles of the Abdomen?
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External Oblique - superficial muscle, fascicles extend inferiorly and medially, same as internal oblique
Internal Oblique - flat muscle, right angle to external oblique, (bilaterally) compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column; (unilaterally) flexes vertebral column and rotates it transversus abdominis - deep muscle, transversely around abdominal wall, compresses abdomen these three form protective layer of muscles around abdomen, aponeurosis of 3 forms rectus sheaths and encloses rectus abdominis rectus abdominis - long muscle that extends entire length of anterior abdominal wall (interrupted by tendinous intersections), compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, and childbirth, flexes trunk |
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What are the functions of the abdominal wall?
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protect abdominal viscera
flex and rotate IV joints compress abdomen during exhalation produce force needed for defecation, urination, and childbirth |
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What is the linea alba?
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connective tissue band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis, where the rectus sheaths meet at the midline
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What are the inguinal ligament and canal?
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ligament - inferior free border of the external obliuq aponeurosis
canal - males: ilioinguinal nerve and spermatic cord females: round ligament of uterus and ilioinguinal nerve |
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Anterior vs. Posterior Abdominal wall
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posterior is bulky and more stable
anterolateral can contract and distend |
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What is an inguinal hernia?
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rupture or separation of a portion of inguinal area of the abdominal wall resulting in protrusion of a part of the small intestine
more common in males surgery to "tuck" back cavity, mesh repairs weak muscles |
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What are the 3 orifices in Diaphragm?
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1. Aortic hiatus - aorta, thoracic duct, and azygous vein pass
2. Esophageal hiatus - esophagus and vagus nerve pass 3. Caval opening - IVC passes |
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What is hiatus hernia?
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stomach protrudes through esophageal hiatus
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What are internal/external intercostal muscles?
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external - superficial layer, for inhalation
internal - intermediate layer, for FORCED exhalation innermost - poorly developed |
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What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
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Levator ani - formed from iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus, supports pelvic viscera and resists intra-abdominal pressure
ischiococcygeus - pulls coccyx anteriorly and pushed posteriorly during defecation or child birth |
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What happens when Levator Ani gets injured?
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caused by difficulty in child birth
causes urinary stress incontinence |
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What is the perineum?
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diamond shaped area that extends from pubic symphysis anteriorly --> coccyx posteriorly --> ischial tuberosities laterally
separated into anterior urogenital and posterior anal trangles by transverse line between ischial tuberosities |
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What muscles are in the superficial and deep layers of the perineum?
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superficial - superficial transverse perineal muscle, bulbospongiosus, and ischiocavernosus
deep - male: deep transverse perineal muscle and external urethral sphincter female: compressor urethrae, sphincter urethrovaginalis and external urethral sphincter |
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Muscles and function of Pectoral Girdle?
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function is to stabilize scapula, increase range of motion of humerus
Anterior thoracic muscles - subclavius: pulls clavicle towards sternum pec minor: abduct the scapula, pulls it foward and downward serratus anterior: impt in punching and pushing, abducts scapula and rotates it upward posterior thoracic muscles - trapezius: elevates shoulder and laterally rotates scapula levator scapulae: elevates scapula and rotates it downward rhomboid major: elevates and adducts scap and rotates it downward rhomboid minor: same as major |
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What are the movements of the scapula?
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elevation - ex. shrugging shoulders or lifting a weight over head
depression - ex. pulling down a rope abduction (protraction) - ex. push ups or punching adduction (retraction) - ex. rowboat upward rotation - ex. jumping jack downward rotation - ex. gymnast balancing |
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Where are muscles that attach to scapula and thorax and move scapula?
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trapezius - shoulders and upper back, extends neck and head
serratus anterior - between ribs, elevates ribs levator scapulae, rhomboids & pectoralis minor - act as fixators to hold the scapula in position |
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What are considered the scapular muscles?
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deltoid
subscapularis spraspinatus infraspinatus teres major teres minor coracobrachialis |
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What muscles originate in the axial skeleton?
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Pectoralis major - adducts and medially rotates the arm at shoulder joint, clavicular head flexes arm and sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk
Latissimus dorsi - adduction, medial rotation and extension of arm at shoulder joint, "swimmer's muscle" |
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What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
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Subscapularis - medially rotates arm at shoulder joint
Infraspinatus - rotates arm laterally and adducts arm at shoulder joint Teres Minor - Supraspinatus - assists deltoid to abduct the arm (1st 15 degrees) at shoulder joint |
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What are the actions of the deltoid and teres major mm?
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Deltoid - abduction of arm from 15-90 degrees
Teres Major - extends the arm, adducts and rotates medially at shoulder joint |
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What is Impingement Syndrome?
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inflammation of supraspinatus muscle with continuous, repetitive movement of arm over head
usually happens to sportspersons |
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What is Rotator Cuff injury?
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continued movement despite pain from impingement sydnrome leading to tearing away of bone and tendon degeneration near attachment to humerus
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What are the forearm flexors?
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form anterior compartment
biceps brachii - flexes arm at elblow joint, supinates forearm at RU joint brachialis - flexes forearm at elbow joint brachioradialis - flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates and pronates forearm |
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What are the forearm extensors?
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form posterior compartment
triceps brachii - extends arm at shoulder joint and extends forearm at elbow joint anconeus |
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What are the muscles involved in pronation and supination?
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Pronation:
pronator quadratus - pronates foearm pronator teres - pronates and flexes forearm Supination: supinator - supinates forearm |
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What are the five principal movements of the thumb?
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flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition
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What muscles attach the arm to the thorax
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pectoralis major - adducts the arm and flexes the shoulder
latissimus dorsi - medially rotates and adducts arm and extends shoulder |
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Parts of Anterior (Flexor) compartment of Upper Limb
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superficial -
flexor carpi radialis - flex forearm and hand, abduction of hand palmaris longus - flexes hand and wrinkles skin of palm of hand flexor carpi ulnaris - flexes forearm and hand, adducts hand flexor digitorum superficialis - flexes phalanges, wrist, and forearm digitorum superficialis is deep to other 3 and largest deep - flexor pollicis longus - flexes thumb flexor digitorum profundus - flexes phalanges flexor pollicis longus is only flexor at distal phalanx of thumb |
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Parts of Posterior (Extensor) Compartments of Upper Limb
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Superficial:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus - extends and abducts the wrist Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis - tends and abducts the wrist Extensor Digitorum - extends fingers, hand, and forearm Extensor Digiti Minimi - extends little finger Extensor Carpi Ulnaris - extends and adducts the hand Deep: Abductor Pollicis Longus - abducts thumb Extensor Pollcis Longus - extends thumb Extensor Pollicis brevis - extends thumb Extensor indicis - extends index finger |
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What are the 3 groups of intrinsic hand muscles?
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Thenar - thenar muscles plus adductor pollicis form the thenar eminence
Hypothenar - muscles that act on little finger make up hypothenar eminence Intermediate |
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What does the Scalene group do?
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flex and rotate the head and assist in deep inhalation
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What do the Iliopsoas, Gluteus Maximus and Minimus do?
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Iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus) - flexes hip, anterior muscle
gluteus maximus - extends hip and abducts thigh gluteus minimus - hip, abducts and rotates thigh maximus, medius, and minimus all extend and abduct femur |
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What is the muscle of the medial (adductor) compartment?
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Gracilis - adducts femur
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What are the muscles of the Anterior (extensor) compartment of the lower limb?
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Quadriceps Femoris -
Rectus femoris: anterior Vastus Lateralis: lateral Vastus Medialis: medial Vastus Intermedius: deep to rectus Sartorius - long, narrow muscle that forms band |
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What are the muscles of the posterior (flexor) compartment that make up the hamstrings?
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biceps femoris
semitendinosus semimembranosus both extensors and flexors because they span two joints |
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What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the foot?
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all dorsiflex the foot
tibialis anterior extensor hallicus longus extensor digitorum longus fibularis tertius |
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What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the foot?
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plantar flex and evert the foot
fibularis longus fibularis brevis |
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What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the foot?
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superficial - insert onto calcaneal (achillis) tendon
gastrocnemius - soleus plantaris known as the calf muscles deep - popliteus tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus flexor hallicus longus |
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What is the muscle on the dorsum of the foot?
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extensor digitorum brevis
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What are the muscles on the sole of the foot (4 layers)?
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First Layer: flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi
Second Layer: flexor accessorius, lumbricals Third Layer: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis Fourth Layer: plantar and dorsal interossei |
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αἷμα; αἵματος, τό
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blood
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