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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List and understand 5 functions of the skeletal system.
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1. support
2. store minerals 3. blood cell production 4. protection 5. leverage/movement |
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The matrix of bone is primarily composed of 2 substances (one inorganic, the other organic). List them and give their approximate contribution to the weight of the bone.
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1. calcium phosphate (2/3)
2. collagen fibers (1/3) |
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What is the technical term for mature bone cells?
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osteocytes
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What is the technical term for cells, found on the inner or outer surfaces of bone, that lay down the organic component of new bone matrix (osteoid)?
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osteoblasts
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What is the technical term for cells, found in the innermost layer of the periosteum and endosteum, that divide to produce daughter cells that become matrix producing cells?
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osteoprogenitor cells
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What is the technical term for cells, derived from the same stem cells as the WBCs, that break down bone matrix (through the secretion of acids)?
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osterclasts
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What is the basic functional unit of mature compact bone?
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osteon
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Within the osteon, the bone cells are arranged in concentric circles around which structure (tube)?
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central canal (Haversian canal)
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What passageway in compact bone tend to run perpendicular to the bone surface and house blood vessels that deliver blood to osteons deeper in the bone and service the medullary cavity?
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perforating (Volkmann's) canals
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What do we call the small passageways that connect lacunae in compact bone to each other and to the central canal?
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canaliculi
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Compact bone is organized in layers. What do we call the layers arranged in circles around each central canal?
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concentric lamellae
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Compact bone is organized in layers. What do we call the bone layers that fill the spaces between the osteons?
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interstitial lamellae
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Compact bone is organized in layers. What do we call the layers that form on the external and internal surfaces of the bone?
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circumferential lamellae
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What term is used for the plates or struts in spongy/cancellous bone (and is also used in another name for this type of bone)?
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trabeculae (trabecular bone)
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What do we call the central, tubular portion, or shaft, of a long bone?
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diaphysis
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What do we call the ends of a long bone?
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epiphysis
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What might we find within the epiphyses?
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red bone marrow
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What do we call the hollow space inside the shaft of a long bone?
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medullary cavity
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What might we expect to find within the medullary cavity?
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yellow bone marrow (fat)
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What is the name of the tissue layer (connective layer and inner cellular layer) that surrounds an individual bone (except sesamoid bones) isolating the bone and contributing to the joint capsule between bones?
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periosteum
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What is the name of the tissue layer (generally 1 layer thick and incomplete) that houses osteoprogenitor cells and lines the medullary cavity and insides of the central and perforating canals?
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endosteum
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What form of bone formation involves bone forming from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue?
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intramembranous ossification
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Give a couple of examples of bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification.
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1. clavicle
2. bones of skull (diploconstruction) |
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What name is given to bones, such as the patella, that form within tendons?
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sesamoid bones
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What form of bone formation involves bone replacing an existing cartilage model?
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endochondral ossification
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Give a couple of examples of bones that form by endochondral ossification?
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1. long bones
2. vertebrae |
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What do we call cartilage that REMAINS as a zone of growth between the shaft and ends of a developing long bone?
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ephyseal cartilage plate
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What do we call the region (between the shaft and end) where the epiphyseal cartilage plate is located?
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metaphysis
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What do we call the area of bone that USED TO BE the cartilaginous, growing section of a long bone?
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epiphyseal line
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What term is used for growth in the diameter of a bone?
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appositional growth
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Approximately how much of the skeleton is demolished and rebuilt in a year?
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1/5 (some areas more than others)
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How does exercise affect bones?
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1. makes them thicker and stronger
2. bumps and ridges become larger -stress stimulates osteoblast activity -electrical fields exist in bone crystals |
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What are the 4 steps in the repair of a fracture?
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1. hematoma (clot)
2. callus of cartilage and spongy bone 3. cartilage is replaced; fragments/edges removed; edges united 4. external callus remodeled over time |
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What class of bones is long and slender with distinct ends and a shaft (eg humerous)?
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long bones
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What class of bones is thin, protects underlying structures, and offers a lot of surface for muscle attachment?
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flat bones (which are the primary sites of red bone marrow)
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What class of bones have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces (e.g. vertebrae)?
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irregular bones
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What class of bones is boxlike (cuboid) in appearance (e.g. carpals)?
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short bones
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What do we call a LARGE, rough PROJECTION?
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trochanter
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Which bone is the only bone in the body that containes a TROCHANTER landmark?
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femur
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What do we call a ROUGH PROJECTION (common)?
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tuberosity
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What do we call a small, ROUNDED PROJECTION?
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tubercle
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What do we call a PROMINENT RIDGE?
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crest
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What do we call a LOW RIDGE?
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line
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What do we call the expanded ARTICULAR END of a bone, often separate from the shaft by a neck?
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head
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What do we call a smooth, ROUNDED ARTICULAR prominence?
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condyle
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What do we call a smooth, grooved ARTICULAR process shaped like a PULLEY?
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trochlea
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Which bone in the body is the only bone that features a trochlea?
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humerus
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What do we call a small, FLAT ARTICULAR surface?
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facet
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What do we call a shallow DEPRESSION?
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fossa
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What do we call a ROUNDED PASSAGEWAY for blood vessels and/or nerves?
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foramen
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What do we call an ELONGATED CLEFT (or a gap between adjacent bones) for passage of blood vessels and/ or nerves?
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fissure
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What do we call a PASSAGEWAY through the SUBSTANCE OF A BONE?
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canal or meatus
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