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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Date: Mesopotamian Civilization from Sumer to Babylon
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3000-1595 bce
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Date: Egypt, the Land of the PharaohsType question here
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3100-1200 bce
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Date: The Rise of the Hittites
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1650-1200 bce
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Date: The Children of Israel
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950-538 bce
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Date: Assyria, the Military Monarchy
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859-612 bce
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Date: The Empire of the Persian Kings
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1000-464 bce
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The ancient Near East includes parts of:
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northeastern Africa, western Asia, Mesopotamia, modern Iraq
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Mesopotamia people invented:
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writing
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What rivers were Mesopotamia located between?
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Euphrates and Tigris
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When did settled life in Mesopotamia begin? Era known as:
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7000-3000 bce, Neolithic Period
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By _____ bce Mesopotamia invented the ____
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3000, wheel
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In Mesopotamia, what became the most successful feature of the Neolithic Period?
Because strong population organized themselves for ___ and ___. |
towns, peace, war
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The region between the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
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Near East
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Period between 7000 and 3000 B.C.E. That serves as the dividing line between anthropology and history. Term refers to new stone tools that came into use.
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Neolithic Period
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Neolithic Period is diving line between ____ and ____ .
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anthropology, hisory
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Neolithic Period refers to the ____ that came into use.
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new stone tools
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_______ started by drawing pictures of objects, _____, from which developed _______, then scribe made________: conventionalized signs to represent ideas.
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Sumerians, pictographs, cuneiform, ideograms
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By _____ B.C.E. Scribal schools flourished throughout Sumer.
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2500
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Sumerians and Mesopotamians made significant advances in math using the _________ based on units of ___ ____ and ____.
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number system, 6, 10, 60
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Sumerians developed concept of ______.
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place value
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Mesopotamian religion:
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polytheistic
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Sumerians produced first epic poem:
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epic of gilgamesh
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The top level of Sumerian Society: the king and his family, the chief priests, and high palace officials.
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nobles
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members of sumerian society in 4 categories:
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nobles, clients, commoners, slaves
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Slaves were __________, __________, and ________. While they were subject to any treatment their owners might mete out, they could engage in _____, ____ and buy their _____.
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prisoners of war, convicts, debtors, trade, make profits, freedom
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Free men and women who were dependent on the nobility; in return for their labor, they received small plots of land to work for themselves
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clients
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clients were free men and women who were dependent on the ______; in return for their _____, they received _________ to work for themselves
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nobility, labor, small plots of land
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Semites: people related by the Semitic language spoken by _____,______,_______,______, etc.
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Jews, Arabs, Phoenicians, Assyrians
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In _____ B.C.E., the Semitic chieftain _____ conquered Sumer and created a new empire.
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2331, Sargon
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Symbol of Sargon's new triumph was new capital:
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Akkad
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_______ (1792-1750 B.C.E.), king of Amorites, won control of region and established capital at Babylon.
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Hammurabi
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Hammurabi accomplished 3 things: made his _________, ________, joined together ideas of _________ and Semitic concept of __________.
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kingdom secure, unified Mesopotamia, urban kingship, tribal chieftain
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Hammurabi's most memorable achievement was the code that established law of the land. He claimed that ________ stood behind the ____ that promoted the ________.
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divine authority, laws, welfare of the people
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Mesopotamia and Sumer cultural contributions:
Government |
autocracy, code of hammurabi
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Mesopotamia and Sumer cultural contributions:
Religion |
polytheistic, anthropomorphic, mythopoeic
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Mesopotamia and Sumer cultural contributions:
Art and Literature |
cuneiform, epic of gilgamesh, creation epic
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Mesopotamia and Sumer cultural contributions:
Science and Knowledge |
irrigation, lunar calendar, number system of 6,10,60
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Mesopotamia and Sumer cultural contributions:
Monumental Architecture |
ziggurat, clay brick
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Paleolithic and date and characteristics
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old stone age, 100,000-10,000 bce, primitive stone tools, hunter gatherer,
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Neolithic and date and characteristics
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new stone age, 10,000-3500 bce, better stone tools, domestication of grains and animals
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iron age date
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1400 bce
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Good geographical factors of egypt:
______, enormous quantities of _____, abundant ____, _____. |
fertility of soil, stone, clay, gold
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The leader of religious and political life in the Old Kingdom, he commanded the wealth, the resources, and the people of Egypt.
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pharaoh
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Pharaoh: The leader of ______ and _____ life in the _________, he commanded the _____, the ______, and the _____ of Egypt
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religious, political, Old Kingdom, wealth, resources, people
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Amon-Ra, An Egyptian god, consisting of Amon, a primeval _____, and Ra, the ______.
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sky-god, sun-god
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The political unification of Egypt ushered in the period known as the _______ (2660-2180 B.C.E.), an era remarkable for prosperity, artistic flowering, and evolution of religious beliefs.
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Old Kingdom
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The ____________ ushered in the period known as the Old Kingdom (2660-2180 B.C.E.), an era remarkable for _______, _____ flowering, and evolution of ________.
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political unification of Egypt, prosperity, artistic, religious beliefs
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The Egyptians preserved these ideas in the ________, which explained that after death the soul and body became part of the divine.
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Book of the Dead
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They considered the Pharaoh to be ____ in human form, son of ____ and ____.
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Horus, Isis, Osiris
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An Egyptian book that preserved their ideas about death and the afterlife; it explains that after death, the soul leaves the body to become part of the divine.
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Book of the Dead
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Book of the Dead: An Egyptian book that preserved their ideas about ____ and the _____; it explains that after death, the ___ leaves the ____ to become part of the ____.
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death, afterlife, soul, body, divine
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Slavery did not become widespread until the _____ (1570-1075 B.C.E.)
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New Kingdom
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Date: the Hyksos in Egypt
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1650-1570 bce
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called “rulers of the uplands” by the Egyptians, these people began to settle in the Nile Delta shortly after 1800 B.C.E.
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Hyksos
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Hyksos: called “_________” by the Egyptians, these people began to settle in the _______ shortly after ____ B.C.E.
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rulers of the uplands, Nile Delta, 1800
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The Hyksos established capital city ____ in the _______ Nile Delta.
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Avaris, northeastern
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The Hyksos brought with them the method of making ____ and casting it into ____and____ that became standard in Egypt.
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bronze, tools, weapons
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___ dynasty ______ drove Hyksos out of delta and inaugurated the ________: a period characterized by enormous wealth and conscious imperialism.
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eighteenth, warrior Pharaohs, New Kingdom
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18th dynasty warrior Pharaohs drove Hyksos out of delta and inaugurated the New Kingdom: a period characterized by ____________ and ____________.
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enormous wealth, conscious imperialism
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18th dynasty warrior Pharaohs drove Hyksos out of delta and inaugurated the New Kingdom: a period characterized by enormous wealth and conscious imperialism. They created the:
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first Egyptian empire
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The belief in one god; when applied to Egypt, it means that only Aton among the traditional Egyptian deities was god (Akhenaten 1367-1350).
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monotheism
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Monotheism: The belief in one god; when applied to Egypt, it means that only ____ among the traditional Egyptian deities was god (_____ 1367-1350).
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Aton, Akhenaten
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Egypt Cultural Contributions:
Government |
Theocracy (Horus, Osiris), pharaohs
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Egypt Cultural Contributions:
religion |
polytheistic, mythopoeic, anthropomorphic, animistic
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Egypt Cultural Contributions:
Monumental Architecture |
pyramids
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Egypt Cultural Contributions:
Art and Literature |
Hieroglyphics, demotic, book of the dead, hymns, Edwin Smith surgical papyrus
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Egypt Cultural Contributions:
Knowledge and Science |
nilometer, flooded field irrigation, solar calendar, good understanding of astronomy and basic math, figuring out pi, brain surgery
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Date: Pre-dynastic (characteristics)
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3500-3100 bce, cities forming into city-states, egypt divides into upper and lower
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Early Dynastic (date and characteristic)
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3100-2700, dynasties I-II, unification because of Menes
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Old Kingdom (date and characteristic)
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2700-2200 bce, dynasties III-VI, very strong centralized power, pyramids built
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First Intermediate (date and characteristic)
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2200-2050 bce, dynasties VII-XI
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Middle Kingdom (date and characteristic)
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2050-1800 bce, dynasty XII, rebuilding of strong central authority, temple building
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Second Intermediate (date and characteristic)
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1800-1570 bce, dynasties XIII-XVII, Hyksos bring chariots, horses, bronze armor, new weapons
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New Kingdom (date and characteristic)
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1570-1100 bce, dynasties XVIII-XX, Hyksos overthrown, Egyptians expand borders
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Third Intermediate (date and characteristic)
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1100 bce, a new group of sea peoples invade Egypt and are responsible for downfall of New Kingdom and Hittites and Mycenae Greeks
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___ BCE Amonhotep IV, wife is ____, new name he gave himself is _____, he outlawed worship of any other god than ___, this was first experiment with _____.
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1350, Nefertiti, Akhenaten, Aton, monotheism
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a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
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theocracy
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ordinary colloquial speech
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demotic
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In book: date and significant event of Archaic period
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3100-2660 bce, unification of egypt
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In book: date and significant event of Old Kingdom
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2660-2180 bce, construction of the pyramids
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In book: date and significant event of First Intermediate period
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2180-2080 bce, political chaos
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In book: date and significant event of Middle Kingdom
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2080-1640 bce, recovery and political stability
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In book: date and significant event of Second Intermediate period
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1640-1570 bce, Hyksos "invasion"
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In book: date and significant event of New Kingdom
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1570-1075 bce, creation of an Egyptian empire, Akhenaten's religious policy
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In book: date and significant event of Third Intermediate period
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1100-653 bce, political fragmentation
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Refers to a large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of modern Europe, Greek, Latin, Persian, and Sanskrit, the sacred tongue of ancient India.
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Indo-European
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Indo-European: Refers to a large family of languages that includes ____, most of the languages of modern ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____, the sacred tongue of ancient India.
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English, Europe, Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit
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C.A.____BCE Hittites became major world power in that region [____] and began to expand east and south.
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1650, Anatolia
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Hittites were ______
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Indo-European
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The Hittites major technological contribution was the introduction of _____________ in the form of tools and weapons.
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iron into war and agriculture
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______, ________, and __________made alliance for offensive and defensive protection.
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Hittites, Egyptians, Babylonians
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Hittites, Egyptians, and Babylonians made alliance for offensive and defensive protection. This situation lasted until the_________ BCE (1300-1201) when Hittites and Egyptians fell to invaders.
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thirteenth century
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Invaders who destroyed the Egyptian empire in the late 13th century; they are otherwise unidentifiable because they went their own ways after attacks.
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Sea Peoples
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Egypt suffered _____ of political upheaval and economic chaos, new dark age known as the ________(CA 1100-653 BCE)
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400 year period, Third Intermediate Period
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Phoenicians most valued product were _______, from which originated Greek name (Phoenician) meaning “purple people”
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purple and blue textiles
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________ most valued product were purple and blue textiles, from which originated Greek name meaning “purple people”
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Phoenicians
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Greek name for Phoenicians, culture inhabited eastern coast of Mediterranean, called because of purple dye from sea snails.
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Purple People
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The Phoenician's overwhelming cultural legacy was the _____________
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development of the alphabet
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Height of the Hittite Empire
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1600-1100 bce
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Hittites were very ______
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warlike
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Hittites were successful primarily because of
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iron
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___ Hittite kingdom dissolves
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1100
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Hittite Cultural Contribution:
Government |
autocracy, monarchy
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an ancient Semitic fertility god represented as a golden calf
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Baal
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Baal: an ancient __________ represented as a golden calf
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semitic fertility god
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The period of Jewish history between 586 and 537 BCE during which the political and spiritual leaders of the Kingdom of Judah were deported to Babylon following the defeat of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar.
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Babylonian Captivity
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___ was the first king then ____ then his son _____.
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Saul, David, Solomon
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______'s death resulted with the kingdom breaking into north (____) and south (____)
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Solomon, Israel, Judah
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Judah was crushed by _____ in ____ BCE. _____ went into exile in Babylonia
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Babylonians, 587, survivors
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In ___ BCE the Persian king _____ permitted ____ exiles to return to ______.
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538, Cyrus the Great, 40,000, Jerusalem
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Hebrews were originally ______, but adopted agriculture in ________.
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nomadic, Palestine
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The Assyrians dominated northern ______ with their chief capital at_____ on the ____
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Mesopotamia, Nineveh, Tigris
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Assyrians were one of the ______ and for over ___ years they fought to dominate near east.
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most warlike people in history, 200
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Assyrian kings ______ (774-727 BCE) and _____ (721-705 BCE) conquered ___, _____, and the two ____ kingdoms, and in ___ BCE Sargon defeated ____ before turning against ____.
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Tiglath -pileser III, Sargon II, Syria, Palestine, Jewish, 717, Egyptians, Babylon
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The two kings carved out Assyrian empire from east and north of ____ to ____.
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Tigris, central Egypt
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The Assyrian military were remarkable for development of variety of ______ and _____ including excavations to undermine city walls and battering rams.
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siege machinery, techniques
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___ won independence from Assyria in ___ BCE and joined forces with ____ (Indo-European from ___). Together they destroyed the Assyrian empire in ____ bce.
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Babylon, 626, Medes, Iran, 612
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Height of Assyrian empire:
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800-600 bce
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Assyrian religion
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Polytheistic, anthropomorphic, animistic
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Assyrian writing used:
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cuneiform
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Assyrian government:
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autocracy
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The Persians, the most important of the _____ peoples, created one of the greatest ____ of the ancient ____. They normally preferred to depend on _____ to rule.
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Iranian, empires, Near East, diplomacy
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Iranians entered this land around ____ BCE as nomads
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1000
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____ gave them [iranians] military advantage over prehistoric Iranians
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horse
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In ___ BCE _______ (king of Persians) conquered the Medes.
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550, Cyrus the Great,
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Uniting Iran, Cyrus set to achieve two goals: to _______and thus terminal ports of great ____, and to secure _______.
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win control of the west, trade routes, eastern iran from pressure of nomadic invaders
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The chief Iranian god, who was the creator and benefactor of all living creatures; unlike Yahweh, he was not a lone god.
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Ahuramazda
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Ahuramazda: The chief _____, who was the ____ and _____ of all living creatures; unlike Yahweh, he was not a _____.
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Iranian god, creator, benefactor, lone god
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The religion based on the teachings of Zoroaster, who emphasized the individual's responsibility to choose between good and evil. Though teachings often met with opposition, the Persian ruler Darius converted. (600 BCE)
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Zoroastrianism
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Zoroastrianism: the religion based on the teachings of _____, who emphasized the individual's responsibility to choose between _____. Though teachings often met with opposition, the Persian ruler ____ converted. (___ BCE)
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Zoroaster, good and evil, Darius, 600
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In ___BCE Cyrus's son, _____, subdued ___.
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525, Cambyses, Egypt
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____ and his son ____ unsuccessfully invaded ____.
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Darius, Xerxes, Greece
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____ conquered western ____ in ____ BCE.
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Darius, India, 513
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The main highway created by the Persians; spanned 1,677 miles from western Turkey to Iran.
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Royal Road
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Royal Road: The main ____ created by the ____; spanned ____ miles from western ____ to _____.
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highway, Persians, 1,677, Turkey, Iran
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How did the Sumerians lay the foundations of a flourishing civilization in the hard land of Mesopotamia?
During the Neolithic period peoples used their_____ to create lives centered on _____. In Mesopotamia the Sumerians established the basic ____, _____, and ____ patterns that defined ____ life. These developments brought ____ and _____ and led to the ______ by _____ and the ______. They in turn nurtured and ______ the spread of this rich life beyond Mesopotamia. |
new stone tools, towns, social, economic, intellectual, civilized, order, prosperity, unification of Mesopotamia, Hammurabi, Babylonians, encouraged
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How did geography enable the Egyptians easily to form cohesive, prosperous society?
In Egypt, meanwhile, other peoples turned the ______ into the home of a rich, sophisticated society that lived harmoniously under the rule of _____, the pharaohs. This era saw the building of the _____, _____, and long years of _____. During a period of internal weakness the ____, a nomadic people, introduced ____ technology into Egypt when they settled in the Nile Delta. Egyptian pharaohs, however, rallied to drive out the Hyksos and establish the rich period of the ______. A complex polytheistic mythology underlay Egyptian culture, and the pharaoh Akhenaten failed in his attempt to introduce Aton as the only true god. |
fertile Nile Valley, kings, pyramids, political stability, prosperity, Hyksos, Bronze Age, New Kingdom
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How did the Hittites affect the life of the ancient Near East?
From the northern fringes of this sphere came the Hittites, an Indo-European people who introduced _____ and _____. After establishing their own ____, they promoted a general alliance with the ___ and ____ that led to an era of ___. |
iron tools, weapons, empire, Egyptians, Babylonians, peace
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How did the Hebrews form a small kingdom after the fall of larger neighboring empires?
In the ______ BCE hostile invaders, the _______, disrupted this stable world, which also allowed the lesser native folk to become prominent. The ____ of Africa adopted and preserved the old Egyptian civilization. The _____ built small trading kingdoms that linked the Near East to the broader Mediterranean world. The _____ benefited from the absence of major powers to create a ______. They developed religious beliefs and a code of life that still flourish today. |
thirteenth century, Sea Peoples, Nubians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, minor kingdom
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What enabled the Assyrians to conquer their neighbors, and how did they doom themselves by their cruelty?
In this world rose the Assyrians, another ______ people who had lived on its periphery. Through effective _____ and _____, they conquered the entire region, until a _____ of peoples utterly destroyed them. |
Semitic, military techniques, brutal aggression, coalition
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How did Iranian nomads create the Persian Empire that ultimately embraced all of these earlier peoples?
The Persians, one of the peoples instrumental in overthrowing the _____, were _____—Iranians from the north. They too created an empire, one that stretched from the eastern _____ to western ____. They introduced ___, ____, and ____ into their imperial rule. They encouraged political _____ and cultural _____. Through their religion Zoroastrianism they fostered the concept of life as a battleground between _____. |
Assyrians, Indo-European, Mediterranean, India, law, justice, toleration, unity, diversity, good and evil
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