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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anesthesia is used to produce a controlled loss of sensation after a diagnostic/ surgical procedure. TRUE or FALSE.
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False. It's used DURING not after the procedure.
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What agents are used to depress the CNS, which in turn depresses the conscious, loss of responsiveness to sensory stimulation, or muscle relaxation?
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Anesthetics
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List the 4 types of anesthesia.
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General, local, regional, & MAC.
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What type of anesthesia is used for analgesia, relaxation, hypnosis, amnesia, & absent reflexes?
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General anesthetics
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No single drug can safely accomplish the general purposes of General anesthetics. TRUE or FALSE.
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True
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What is balanced anesthesia?
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Combination of medications to produce general anesthesia.
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What are the 2 main categories of General anesthetics?
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Inhaled & injectable anesthetics
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List the common drugs used to achieve balanced anesthesia.
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The use of a variety of agents such as:
1. sedative-hypnotic 2. antianxiety 3. analgesic 4. antiemitic 5. anticholinergic |
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What are the 3 uses for Opioid analgesics?
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1. Anesthesia induction
2. pain prevention 3. pain relief |
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What are the 5 Adjunctive Anesthetic agents used?
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1. Opioid analgesics
2. Benzodiazepines 3. Anticholinergics 4. Sedative-hypnotics 5. Neuromuscular blocking agents |
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What are the 2 uses for Benzodiazepines?
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Amnesia & anxiety (AA)
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What are anticholinergics used for preoperatively?
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To dry up excessive secretions.
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What are the 2 uses for sedative-hypnotics?
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Amnesia & sedation (AS)
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What are neuromuscular blocking agents used for?
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Muscle relaxation & allow reduced amounts of anesthetic agent.
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List the drug prototype for Barbiturates in general anesthetic agents?
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thiopental sodium (Pentothal)
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What is the IV onset & duration of the drug prototype Pentothal?
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IV onset is 1 minute and duration is 20-30 minutes.
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What Barbiturate drug is Emergence Delirium one of the adverse effects?
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thiopental sodium (Pentothal)
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What is the drug prototype of the group "miscellaneous" IV general anesthetics?
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ketamine (Ketalar)
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What is the MOA of Ketalar?
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It interrupts the brain pathways prior to producing somesthetic sensory blockade & depresses function in the RAS (reticular activating system) & limbic system.
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What are Inhalation General Anesthetic agents used for?
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To rapidly produce loss of consciousness & total analgesia.
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In what 2 forms are Inhaled General Anesthetics supplied as?
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Gases & volatile liquids
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The potency of inhalation anesthetics is described by the _____ _____ _____?
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Minimum alveolar concentration
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What is minimum alveolar concentration?
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The concentration of drug vapor in the alveoli that prevents a motor response in 50% of subjects when exposed to a painful stimulus.
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What does a low value of minimum alveolar concentration indicate?
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A very small amount of anesthetic is needed to immobilize the pt.
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Inhalation anesthetics have low minimum alveolar concentration and therefore are very potent, with what exception?
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Nitrous oxide
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Nitrous oxide is a low-potency anesthetic with a high minimum alveolar concentration value. TRUE or FALSE
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True
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What are the 3 indications for General Anesthetics?
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1. To produce unconsciousness
2. skeletal muscle relaxation 3. visceral smooth muscle relaxation for surgery |
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MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSION is an unusual side effect of General Anesthetics. TRUE or FALSE.
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False. It is a COMMON side effect.
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What are volatile liquid general anesthetic agents used for?
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To induce & maintain deep anesthesia.
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Name the drug prototype for volatile liquid general anesthetics?
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isoflurane (Forane)
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What is the MOA of isoflurane (Forane)?
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Sensitize the heart (myocardium) to the action of NE & epinephrine; depresses the CNS (cardiovascular & pulmonary function).
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What drug class causes a loss of sensation in limited areas of the body?
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Local/ regional anesthetics
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What is the advantage of local anesthesia?
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Provides pain relief without causing CNS & respiratory system depression.
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Name the 5 techniques used to deliver local/ regional anesthesia.
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1. surface anesthesia
2. infiltration anesthesia 3. nerve block 4. epidural anesthesia 5. spinal anesthesia |
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What kind of local anesthetic involves applying a cream, lotion, ointment, spray or drop to traumatized skin to relieve pain?
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Surface anesthesia
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Which local anesthetic is injected to contact the nerve endings in the area & prevents them from transmitting nerve impulses to the brain?
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Infiltration anesthesia
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What local anesthetic is used in c-sections?
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Spinal anesthesia
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What is the drug prototype for local anesthetics?
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lidocaine (Anestacon, Dilocaine, Xyolcaine, others)
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Lidocaine is available in different strengths & concentrations with epinephrine. Why would it come with epinephrine?
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Epinephrine reduces blood loss from minor surgery bc of its vasoconstrictive properties & reduces systemic absorption of lidocaine.
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Adjunctive medications are those used to enhance anesthesia or to make the procedure safer & less unpleasant for pts. TRUE or FALSE.
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True
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List the 3 preoperative adjunctive agents used.
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1. Benzodiazepines
2. Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist 3. Anticholinergic drugs |
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Why are anticholinergic drugs such as atropine administered prior to surgery?
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To reduce salivary & airway secretions; it blocks bradycardia caused by some anesthetics.
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What adjunctive agents are used for pain management?
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1. Opioids
2. NSAIDs 3. Centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist |
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What is the centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist drug used in pain management?
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clonidine (Catapres, Duraclon)
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Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are used in surgery require artificial mechanical ventilation because?
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They paralyze respiratory & skeletal muscles. The pt is unable to breathe.
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What are antiemetic drugs used postoperatively?
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Used for prophylaxis in high risk pts or for treatment.
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List the 3 antiemetic drugs used postoperatively.
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1. promethazine (Phenergan)
2. ondansteron (Zofran) 3. metoclopramide (Reglan) |